Basic Chemistry

1
Chapter 2

• Basic Chemistry

2
What 4 elements make up 96 of the Human Body?
What is 5?
3
Section Outline

• The Nature of Matter
• A. Atoms
• B. Elements and Isotopes
• 1. Isotopes
• Radioactive Isotopes
• C. Chemical Compounds
• D. Chemical Bonds
• 1. Ionic Bonds
• 2. Covalent Bonds
• 3. Van der Waals Forces

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4
An Element in the Periodic Table
6
C
Carbon
12.011
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5
Figure Isotopes of Carbon
Nonradioactive carbon-12
Nonradioactive carbon-13
Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons
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6
Trends of the periodic table

• All elements in the same groups (columns) have
  the same of outer (valence) electrons
• Noble gases (group VIII A, sometimes called 18 A)
  HAVE FULL OUTER LEVELS. All other elements want
  to attain the same configurations as the noble
  gases
• Atoms will transfer (ionic) electrons or share
  (covalent) to accomplish this and become stable

7
Figure Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer of electron
Protons 11 Electrons -11 Charge 0
Protons 17 Electrons -17 Charge 0
Protons 11 Electrons -10 Charge 1
Protons 17 Electrons -18 Charge -1
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8
Covalent bonding
9
Section Outline

• 22 Properties of Water
• A. The Water Molecule
• 1. Polarity
• 2. Hydrogen Bonds
• B. Solutions and Suspensions
• 1. Solutions
• 2. Suspensions
• C. Acids, Bases, and pH
• 1. The pH Scale
• 2. Acids
• Bases
• Buffers

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10
pH Scale
Section 2-2
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
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11
Chemical reactions

• Reactants
• Products
• Ex Cellular respiration, Photosynthesis.