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Vulnerability Analysis of Mobile and Wireless Protocols

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Title: Hierarchical Virtual Coordinate in Sensor Networks Author: Jingo Last modified by: None Created Date: 9/29/2005 4:48:01 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Vulnerability Analysis of Mobile and Wireless Protocols


1
  • Vulnerability Analysis of Mobile and Wireless
    Protocols

2
Outline
  • Vulnerability Analysis Method
  • Message Spoofing
  • Mobile IPv4
  • WiMAX
  • EAP
  • EAP-FAST
  • Future work

3
Vulnerability Analysis Method
  • Study the protocol specifications
  • Find Unprotected messages
  • Concentrate on the unprotected messages to find
    security vulnerabilities
  • If practical, simulation of the vulnerabilities
  • Proposal of solution(s)

4
Message spoofing
  • Can be achieved using debug ports left open by
    hardware vendors
  • Standard IEEE 1149.1 Joint Test Action Group
    (JTAG)
  • Intel and Fujitsu WiMAX implementations leave
    their debug ports open
  • Motorola JTAG ports are closed in production
    boxes

5
MIPv4 Phases
  1. Agent Discovery
  2. Registration
  3. Data Exchange

6
MIPv4 - Messages
Message Channel Protected
Agent Advertisement FA ?MN No
Agent Solicitation MN ? FA No
Registration Request MN ? FA No
Registration Response FA ? MN Yes
7
Vulnerability Analysis
  • No new vulnerabilities found

8
WiMAX
  • Studied the IEEE 802.16 (2004) spec
  • Focused on Network Entry and Initialization
    before SS authorization step

9
Network Entry and Initialization
10
Network Entry and Initialization
Work Done
11
Network Entry and Initialization
Future work
12
WiMAX Unprotected messages
Message Channel Description
DL-MAP BS ? SS Downlink Access Definition
UL-MAP BS ? SS Uplink Access Definition
UCD BS ? SS Uplink Channel Descriptor
RNG-REQ SS ? BS Ranging Request
RNG-RSP BS ? SS Ranging Response
SBC-REQ SS ? BS SS Basic Capability Request
SBC-RSP BS ? SS SS Basic Capability Response
13
Vulnerabilities found
  • 0-Authorization vulnerability
  • Using SBC-REQ and SBC-RSP messages
  • Ranging synchronization vulnerability
  • Using RNG-REQ and RNG-RSP messages
  • UCD vulnerability

14
0-Authorization vulnerability
  • Authorization Policy Support is one of the many
    capabilities
  • Authorization and key exchange steps will be
    skipped if the Auth Policy Support bits are set
    to 0
  • Vulnerability also exists if bitwise and of
    auth bits of SBC-REQ and SBC-RSP is 0

15
0-Authorization vulnerability
Syntax Size Notes
SBC-REQ/RSP message format()
Message Type 8 bits
TLV encoded information variable TLV specific

SBC-REQ / SBC-RSP message format
Type Length Value
16 1 byte Bit 0 IEEE 802.16 privacy supported Bits 1-7 Reserved shall be set to zero
Authorization Policy Support bits
16
0-Authorization vulnerability
  • Motorola implementations allow 0-authorization
    only for debugging purposes and E911 with limited
    access
  • Spoofed SBC-REQ with 0-authorization
  • Network will most likely reject it
  • Spoofed SBC-RSP with 0-authorization
  • MS will not permit it for not being able to trust
    the service provider

17
Ranging Sync vulnerability
  • Ranging adjusts SS's timing offset such that it
    appears to be co-located with BS
  • RNG-REQ message is sent by the SS with power
    level and timing offset corrections
  • If the status in spoofed RSG-RSP is continue,
  • SS keeps on trying until successful
  • Aborts and re-ranges after a fixed number of
    tries

18
Ranging Sync vulnerability
  • If the status in spoofed RNG-RSP is either Abort
    or Re-range
  • Starts the network entry process again from the
    beginning
  • Correct timing is essential for this attack to
    work
  • Spoofed messages should be sent before the
    legitimate RNG-RSP reaches SS

19
Ranging Sync vulnerability
20
Ranging Sync vulnerability
21
UCD vulnerability
  • After channel synchronization, SS waits for UCD
    msg from BS to retrieve a set of transmission
    parameters for uplink chanel
  • A spoofed UCD message with unsuitable channel
    parameters will make the SS start over from the
    first step of downlink channel scanning

22
WiMAX Analysis
  • Found 3 potential vulnerabilities
  • But, they are hard to instigate as they require
  • Considerable hardware to spoof the messages
  • Correct timing

23
EAP
  • Used in the PPP, 802.11, 802.16, VPN, PANA, and
    in some functions in 3G networks
  • Support currently about 40 different EAP methods
  • Commonly used modern methods capable of operating
    in wireless networks include EAP-TLS, EAP-SIM,
    EAP-AKA, PEAP, LEAP and EAP-TTLS

24
EAP and associated layers
25
EAP Message Exchange Framework
Peer
AP
26
EAP-FAST (Flexible Authentication via Secure
Tunneling)
  • Most Comprehensive and secure WLAN method
  • Use of a protected access credential (PAC)
  • Three phase
  • Phase 0 PAC provisioning
  • Phase 1 Establish TLS tunnel.
  • Phase 2 Authentication

27
Establish Secure Channel
Establish Secure Channel
Establish connection (for example, TCP)
Inner method Server
Peer
AP
EAP-FAST server
TLS Tunnel established
TLS Tunnel torn down
EAP-FAST choreography overview
28
Messages within EAP-FAST
Message Channel Protected?
Provisining ( this phrase itself is an EAP-TLS Exchange) Provisining ( this phrase itself is an EAP-TLS Exchange) Provisining ( this phrase itself is an EAP-TLS Exchange)
EAP- Request /Identity AP- to-MS NO
EAP-Response/ Identity MS- to-AP NO
Identity Response AP- to-Radius YES, secure channel
EAP-FAST start Radius - to- AP YES, secure channel
EAP-FAST start AP- to-MS NO
TLS tunnel establishment TLS tunnel establishment TLS tunnel establishment
Authentication with a inner Authentication method, protected by TLS tunnel Authentication with a inner Authentication method, protected by TLS tunnel Authentication with a inner Authentication method, protected by TLS tunnel
EAP-Success AP- to-MS NO
29
Explaination for unprotected message
  • Initial Request-response Messages
  • Sent in cleartext
  • Just contain realm information
  • Used to route the authentication requests to the
    right eap server

30
Explaination for unprotected message(2)
  • Clear text success /failure packet
  • The success/failure decisions within the tunnel
    indicate the final decision of the EAP-FAST
    authentication conversation.
  • To abide by RFC3748, the server must send a
    clear text EAP Success or EAP Failure packet to
    terminate the EAP conversation.

31
Explaination for unprotected message(3)
  • What will happen if a clear text indication is
    spoofed?
  • It dosent matter because the clear text
    indication is only used to terminate the
    authentication conversation, not for other use.
  • What will happen if the final cleartext
    success/failure packet in an EAP-FAST is lost?
  • It is up to the basic EAP policy. In the
    event that neither a success nor a failure packet
    is received, the peer SHOULD termiate the
    conversation to avoid lengthy timeout in case of
    the lost packet was an EAP failure.RFC3748, 4.2

32
EAP-FAST Analysis
  • No vulnerability was found wihin EAP-FAST!

33
Future work
  • Study internal attacks
  • Till now the focus was on external attacks
  • Resource Depletion attacks
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