Title: Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
1 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth
Edition
- Chapter 3
- Database Systems and Business Intelligence
2Data Management
- Without data and the ability to process it
- An organization could not successfully complete
most business activities - For data to be transformed into useful
information, it must first be organized in a
meaningful way
3 The Database Approach
- Traditional approach to database management
- Separate data files are created and stored for
each application program - Database approach to database management
- Multiple application programs share a pool of
related data
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5Data Modeling
- Building a database requires two types of designs
- Logical design
- Abstract model of how data should be structured
and arranged to meet an organizations
information needs - Physical design
- Fine-tunes the logical database design for
performance and cost considerations
6Data Modeling (continued)
- Planned data redundancy
- Improves system performance
- Data model
- Diagram of data entities and their relationships
- Enterprise data modeling
- Data modeling done at the level of the entire
enterprise - Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams
- Data models that use basic graphical symbols to
show the organization of and relationships
between data
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8The Relational Database Model
- Relational model
- Describes data using a standard tabular format
- Data elements are placed in two-dimensional
tables, called relations, the logical equivalent
of files - Domain
- Allowable values for data attributes
9Database Management Systems (DBMS)
- Group of programs used as an interface between a
database and application programs or a database
and the user - Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of
purposes
10Overview of Database Types
- Flat file
- Simple database program whose records have no
relationship to one another - Single user
- Only one person can use the database at a time
- Multiple user
- Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the
same database system at the same time - Examples Oracle, Sybase, and IBM
11Providing a User View
- Schema
- Logical and physical structure of the data and
relationships among the data in the database - Can be part of the database or a separate schema
file
12Creating and Modifying the Database
- Data definition language (DDL)
- Collection of instructions/commands that define
and describe data and data relationships in a
database - Allows database creator to describe the data and
the data relationships that are to be contained
in the schema - Data dictionary
- Detailed description of all the data used in the
database
13Storing and Retrieving Data
- One function of a DBMS
- To be an interface between an application program
and the database - Concurrency control
- Method of dealing with a situation in which two
or more people need to access the same record in
a database at the same time
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15Manipulating Data and Generating Reports
- Query-by-example (QBE)
- Visual approach to developing database queries or
requests - Data manipulation language (DML)
- Commands that manipulate the data in a database
- Structured Query Language (SQL)
- Standardized data manipulation language
- Lets programmers learn one powerful query
language and use it on systems ranging from PCs
to the largest mainframe computers
16Database Administration
- Database administrator (DBA) should
- Have a clear understanding of the fundamental
business of the organization - Be proficient in the use of selected database
management systems - Stay abreast of emerging technologies and new
design approaches
17Popular Database Management Systems
- Popular DBMSs for end users
- Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro
- Emerging software
- Database as a Service (DaaS) or Database 2.0
- Database administration is provided by the
service provider
18Selecting a Database Management System
- Important characteristics of databases
- Database size
- Database cost
- Concurrent users
- Performance
- Integration
- Vendor
19Using Databases with Other Software
- Database management systems are often used with
other software packages or the Internet - Front-end application
- Directly interacts with users
- Back-end application
- Interacts with applications
20Database Applications
- Manipulate content of a database to produce
useful information - Common manipulations
- Searching, filtering, synthesizing, and
assimilating data
21Linking Databases to the Internet
- Semantic Web
- Developing a seamless integration of traditional
databases with the Internet - Allows people to access and manipulate a number
of traditional databases at the same time through
the Internet
22Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining
- Data warehouse
- Holds business information from many sources in
the enterprise - Data mart
- Subset of a data warehouse
- Data mining
- Information-analysis tool for discovering
patterns and relationships in a data warehouse - Predictive analysis combines historical data
with assumptions about future conditions
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25Business Intelligence
- Gathering the right information in a timely
manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a
positive impact on business - Competitive intelligence
- Limited to information about competitors and the
ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics,
and operations - Counterintelligence
- Steps an organization takes to protect
information sought by hostile intelligence
gatherers
26Distributed Databases
- Data may be spread across several smaller
databases connected via telecommunications
devices - Give corporations and other organizations more
flexibility in how databases are organized and
used - Replicated database
- Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data
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28Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
- Software that allows users to explore data from a
number of perspectives - Provides top-down, query-driven data analysis
- Requires repetitive testing of user originated
theories
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30 Object-Relational Database Management Systems
- Object-oriented database
- Database that stores both data and its processing
instructions - Object-oriented database management system
(OODBMS) - Programs that manipulate an object-oriented
database and provide a user interface and
connections to other application programs - Object-relational database management system
(ORDBMS) - Capable of manipulating audio, video, and
graphical data
31Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems
- Virtual database systems
- Allow different databases to work together as a
unified database system - Spatial data technology
- Use of a database to store and access data
according to the locations it describes
32Summary
- Data
- Organized into a hierarchy that builds from the
smallest element to the largest - Traditional file-oriented applications
- Often characterized by program-data dependence
- Data model
- Map or diagram of entities and their
relationships - DBMS
- Group of programs used as an interface between a
database and its users and other applications
33Summary (continued)
- After a DBMS has been installed
- It can be accessed, modified, and queried via a
data manipulation language - Data warehouse
- Relational database management systems
specifically designed to support management
decision making - Business intelligence
- Getting enough of the right information in a
timely manner and usable form