Early Humans

1
Early Humans

• SOL 2

2
First Things First!
Dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago.
The first human like hominids did not appear
until around 3 million years ago.
Thus, no matter what you may have seen in the
movies, early man did not live during the same
period in history as dinosaurs!
3
How do we know about history?

• Anthropology is the study of the origins and
  development of people and their societies.
• Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that
  studies the physical remains of a civilization.
• Archaeologists study artifacts, objects made by
  human beings.
• By looking at artifacts they can see how people
  developed technology, the skills and tools people
  use to meet their basic needs.

4
Archaeology

• Archaeologists analyze
• human remains
• fossils
• artifacts
• Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as
  carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts
  and to determine their age.

5
Carbon Dating

• Carbon dating can be used to date organic
  artifacts, or things that were once alive
• All living things contain a radioactive isotope
  of Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from
  the sun while they are alive.
• If we know how much Carbon 14 something has left
  we can count back to how much is had to begin
  with to determine the age of the artifact. Is
  limited to things 50,000 years old or less.
• Thermo luminescence Dating Measures the light
  given off by the electrons in soil surrounding
  artifacts. Can measure up to 200,000 years.

6
(No Transcript)
7

• Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological
  site in England that was begun during the
  Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.

8

• Aleppo and Jericho are examples of early cities
  in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists.

9

• Catalhöyuk is an example of a Neolithic
  settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia.

10
Famous People

• Mary Leaky Found footprints of earliest
  humanlike in Eastern Africa.
• Donald Johanson Found a complete adult female
  skeleton in Ethiopa (E. Africa)
• Named her Lucy

11
Here's Lucy
12
How Do Historians Reconstruct the Past?
1

• Historians rely primarily on written evidence to
  determine how people lived in the past.
• Recorded history began about 5,000 years ago,
  when people began to keep written records.
• Historians are like detectives
• Sometimes they come to different conclusions.

13
Archeology Scooby Doo

• We found these pots and spoons next to a skeleton
  scoooob
• Who were theses people? How did they live? What
  did they eat?
• Lets keep diggin so we cansolve this mystery!
• In order to solve the mystery they need to find
  out Who these people were, why they died, where
  they came from,

14
Primary vs. Secondary Sources

• Primary source- created by a person who lived
  during a historical event they may have
  participated or been a witness.
• Example letter, diary, speech, cartoon
• Secondary source- created from primary sources by
  people who were not present at the original
  event.
• Example history book, biography

15

• Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between
  100,000 and 400,000 years ago.
• Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia,
  Australia, and the Americas.

16
Prehistory

• The time period before writing was invented is
  known as Prehistory.
• History is the time period after writing was
  invented.
• Prehistory is also known as the Stone Age.
• The Stone Age has two parts
• Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Era
• New Stone Age or Neolithic Era

17

• Early humans were hunters-gatherers whose
  survival depended on the availability of wild
  plants and animals.
• They were nomadic and often migrated to find
  food.

18
Early Hominids

• Earliest Humans in East Africa
• Australopithecus- southern ape
• 4.4 million years- oldest human ancestor
• Lucy
• 3.2 million years old
• Walked upright
• Nomads- small hunting groups moving often in
  search of food
• Primitive tools- sticks, spears and axes

19
Species of Hominids

• Homo habilis- person with ability
• First to make tools
• Homo erectus- person who walks upright
• First to make fire and clothing
• Homo sapiens- person who thinks

20
Homo Sapiens- Neanderthal

• Technological Innovations
• Spear points
• Build shelters
• Lace skins for clothing
• Social Behaviors
• Burials of dead
• Care for sick and old

21
Homo Sapiens- Cro-Magnon

• Technological Innovations
• Knives, bow and arrow, bone tools
• Sewed leather clothing
• Pottery
• Social Behaviors
• Cooperative big-game hunts
• High status burials
• Cave paintings

22
(No Transcript)
23
Artist John Gurche used the latest forensic
techniques, fossil discoveries, and 20 years of
experience to create the lifelike reconstructions
of early humans on display in the Hall of Human
Origins. The painstaking process required a
detailed knowledge of human and ape anatomy. It
took Gurche 2½ years to complete these busts.
Source Smithsonian Museum of Natural History
24
Environmental changes

• Four Ice Ages- Two million to 10,000 years ago
• Spreading of Glaciers
• Leads to development of clothing
• Seek shelter in caves
• Fire

25
Paleolithic- Old Stone Age

• Time Period 400,000-8000BC
• Hunter-gatherer societies
• Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water,
  shelter)
• Invented the first tools, including simple
  weapons
• Lived in clans
• Clothing

26
Paleolithic

• Learned how to make and use fire
• Cook food -Scare away animals
• Keep warm -Live in caves
• Developed oral language
• Allows people to work together
• Give specific instructions
• Exchange ideas
• Pass on culture from generation to generation
• Created cave art

27
Lascaux Cave Paintings
28
Neolithic- New Stone Age

• Developed agriculture- domesticated plants-
  Agricultural Revolution
• Domesticated animals
• Used advanced tools
• wheel/axel
• Made pottery
• Developed weaving skills
• All of these innovations led to a population
  increase,

29

• Copper and Bronze Ages 4000-1000BC
• Iron Age begin 1000 BC and people begin to keep
  written records
• Specialization of labor- when people are given
  specific tasks to accomplish rather than having
  everyone hunt or gather.

30
(No Transcript)
31
Terms from page 22

1. Artifact
2. Culture
3. Technology
4. Hunter-gatherer
5. Neolithic revolution
6. Domestication
7. Civilization
8. Specialization
9. Institution
10. Bronze age

32
Artifact

• Human made object from the past
• Used to tell how humans lived

33
Culture

• How people lived, language, beliefs, traditions,
  customs, dress, climate, topography,

34
technology

• New tools and weapons to make life, work easier

35
Hunter-gatherer

• Hunted for food during Paleolithic era
• Gathered, foraged, collected anything they could
  eat

36
Neolithic Revolution

• People began farming instead of hunting/gathering

37
domestication

• taming animals to raise at home or on a farm

38
civilization

• where and how people lived
• Language, govt, jobs, laws

39
specialization

• skills people have and the jobs they do

40
institution

• organized, long-lasting pattern of living- govt,
  schools, programs

41
Bronze Age

• made tools out of bronze
• Began in 3000 bce

42
Test Review

• Study all warm-up questions by covering up the
  answers and checking what you know
• Study the early man packet
• Study the unit review- last page of packet

43
Test Review

• Locate the tropic of cancer and the tropic of
  capricorn
• Hunter gatherers migrated to find food
• Humans first appeared in Africa around 100,000 to
  400,000

44

• Paleolithic era- lived in clans, used fire,
  migrated to find food, clay pottery, cave art,
  weaving

45

• Neolithic Era- AGRICULTURE

46
Know your sources

• Primary
• Secondary

47
Beginning of history

• Written language began the historical period of
  time

48
Archeological digging

• artifacts found deeper are older and artifacts
  found shallower are newer

49
What is this???
50
Housing

• why did people live in igloos, huts, caves, or
  sod houses?

51
What Neolithic settlement was in Anatolia?

52
What are the parts of a map?

• Title- The title explains the subject of the map
  and gives you an idea of what information the map
  conveys
• Legend or Key- lists and explains the symbols
  and use of color on the map
• Scale- Shows the distance on the map compared to
  real earth measurement (1 inch 1000 miles)

53
Map questions

• Locate where humans come from
• Locate the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
• Locate the Equator and Prime Meridian

54
Types of Maps

• This map shows natural features such as land,
  ocean, mountains

55

• This type of map shows human made features such
  as national borders and cities

56
What else?

• Study your warmup questions and answers?
• Study your cloze notes Early Man packet.
• Study your unit review- back page of Early Man
  packet.

57

58

59

60