Aldehydes

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Aldehydes Ketones
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Aldehydes Ketones

• Carbonyl Compounds C O
• They are organic compounds containing a carbonyl
  group they are divided into

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Aldehydes

• General formula CnH2n1 CHO

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Ketones

• CnH2n2CO, R CO R
• R R we have simple or symmetrical ketones
• R ? R we have unsymmetrical ketones

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation
• Oxidation of primary alc. gives aldehydes while
  secondary alcohols give ketones.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation
• 2. Dry distillation of salts of acids Calcium
  salts are generally used in this reaction.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation
• A mixture of calcium acetate and formate gives
  acetaldehyde.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation
• While calcium acetate alone gives actone.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation
• 3. By the hydrolysis of alkylidene halides.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation
• 4. By ozonolysis of olefins

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Preparation
• 5. When acetylene is passed into hot dilute
  sulphuric acid in presence of mercuric sulphate.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• Most of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones
  are the reactions of the carbonyl group C O.
• The activity of this group arises from the
  displacement of electrons towards the more
  electronegative oxygen atom which imparts a
  positive charge on the carbon atom as follows

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• It was found that the reactivity of the carbonyl
  group depends on the nature of the alkyl groups
  attached to it.
• the smaller the group, the more reactive is the
  carbonyl group. Thus, the order of reactivity is

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• A- Addition Reactions
• With sodium bisulphate

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• A- Addition Reactions
• 2. With hydrogen cyanide

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• A- Addition Reactions
• 3. Action of NH3

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• A- Addition Reactions
• 3. Action of NH3
• Formaldehyde is an exception, it gives a complex
  compounds known as amino form or Urotropine or
  hexa methylene tetra amine.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• A- Addition Reactions
• 3. Action of NH3
• The structure of hexamthylene tetra amine appears
  to be a complicated ring compound.
• It is solid used in medicine for treatment of
  Gout and Rheumatism.

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• B- Condensation Reaction
• Is the reaction of two or more molecules
  identical or different together with the
  elimination of water molecule.
• With hydroxyl amine

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• B- Condensation Reaction
• 2. With hydrazines

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• B- Condensation Reaction
• 3. Aldol condensation

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• B- Condensation Reaction
• 3. Aldol condensation

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Aldehydes Ketones

• Chemical Reaction
• C- Substitution Reaction

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• The functional group in this series is the
  carboxylic group COOH which result from the
  combination of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group.
• The carboxylic group is univalent so it is a
  terminal group.

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Acids are classified into mono, di-, and poly-
  carboxylic acids, according to whether they
  contain one, two, or more carboxylic groups in
  the molecule.

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Mono carboxylic acids
• These contain one carboxylic group they are mono
  basic, there general formula
• CnH2n1.COOH

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• 2. Diarboxylic acids

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• 3. Hydroxy acids

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• 4. Polycarboxylic acids

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Preparation
• Formic acid HCOOH
• By the hydrolysis of chloroform

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Preparation
• Acetic acid CH3COOH
• 1. Oxidation of ethyl alcohol

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Preparation
• Acetic acid CH3COOH
• 2. From methane

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Preparation
• Oxalic acid

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• It is produced in the commercial scale by heating
  carbon monoxide sodium hydroxide at moderate
  temp. pressure

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Succinic acid

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Chemical reactions
• With strong electropositive metals, with the
  libration of hydrogen and formation of salts.

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Chemical reactions
• 2. Dehydration

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Chemical reactions
• 3. Halogenation

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Chemical reactions
• In case of chlorine or bromine in presence of
  small amount of red phosphorous, it gives
  alphahalogenated acids.

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Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

• Chemical reactions

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