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Content languages

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Title: Lecture 16: Caches and Memory Author: John Kubiatowicz Last modified by: Lotzi Boloni Created Date: 9/4/1996 7:14:34 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Content languages


1
Content languages
  • EEL 5937 Multi Agent Systems
  • Lotzi Bölöni

2
Place of content language in the communication
  • The agent communication languages (ACL) are
    expressing
  • The performative of the speech act
  • The source and destination of the message
  • Still need to do
  • The language in which the content of the message
    is written
  • The ontology (or ontologies), to which the
    content refers
  • These are NOT trivial things!

3
Content languages in FIPA-ACL
  • The content language is indicated by the
    language parameter in the message.
  • A couple of content languages are endorsed by
    FIPA.
  • SL (FIPA Semantic Language)
  • CCL - Constraint Choice Language
  • A language based on the representation of choice
    problems as constraint satisfaction problems.
  • KIF - Knowledge Interface Format
  • Introduced for backward compatibility from KQML
  • RDF - extensions to the RDF framework to
    represent Objects, Propositions and Actions
  • You can invent your own
  • But dont expect FIPA to love you.
  • Still, if interoperability is not a goal, one can
    stop at the level of abstraction of the ACL.

4
FIPA ACL, Semantic Language, SL
  • The preferred content language in FIPA ACL
  • Quantified, multi-modal logic with operators for
    beliefs, desires, uncertain beliefs and
    intentions
  • Can represent propositions, objects and actions
  • LISP like notation.
  • For a complete description, see
  • http//www.fipa.org/specs/fipa00008/SC00008I.html

5
Content expressions
  • These are the top level expressions in SL, which
    can be included in the content field of the ACL
    messages.
  • A proposition, which may be assigned a truth
    value in a given context. Precisely, it is a
    well-formed formula (Wff) using the rules
    described in the Wff production. A proposition is
    used in the inform communicative act (CA) and
    other CAs derived from it.
  • An action, which can be performed. An action may
    be a single action or a composite action built
    using the sequencing and alternative operators.
    An action is used as a content expression when
    the act is request and other CAs derived from it.
  • An identifying reference expression (IRE), which
    identifies an object in the domain. This is the
    Referential operator and is used in the
    inform-ref macro act and other CAs derived from
    it.

6
Well formed formulas in SL
  • (not ltWffgt)
  • Negation. The truth value of this expression is
    false if Wff is true. Otherwise it is true.
  • (and ltWff0gt ltWff1gt)
  • Conjunction. This expression is true iff2
    well-formed formulae Wff0 and Wff1 are both true,
    otherwise it is false.
  • (or ltWff0gt ltWff1gt)
  • Disjunction. This expression is false iff
    well-formed formulae Wff0 and Wff1 are both
    false, otherwise it is true.
  • (implies ltWff0gt ltWff1gt)
  • Implication. This expression is true if either
    Wff0 is false or alternatively if Wff0 is true
    and Wff1 is true. Otherwise it is false. The
    expression corresponds to the standard material
    implication connective Wff0 Þ Wff1.
  • (equiv ltWff0gt ltWff1gt)
  • Equivalence. This expression is true if either
    Wff0 is true and Wff1 is true, or alternatively
    if Wff0 is false and Wff1 is false. Otherwise it
    is false.

7
Well formed expressions in SL (contd)
  • (forall ltvariablegt ltWffgt)
  • Universal quantification. The quantified
    expression is true if Wff is true for every value
    of value of the quantified variable.
  • (exists ltvariablegt ltWffgt)
  • Existential quantification. The quantified
    expression is true if there is at least one value
    for the variable for which Wff is true.
  • (B ltagentgt ltexpressiongt)
  • Belief. It is true that agent believes that
    expression is true.
  • (U ltagentgt ltexpressiongt)
  • Uncertainty. It is true that agent is uncertain
    of the truth of expression. Agent neither
    believes expression nor its negation, but
    believes that expression is more likely to be
    true than its negation.
  • (I ltagentgt ltexpressiongt)
  • Intention. It is true that agent intends that
    expression becomes true and will plan to bring it
    about.
  • (PG ltagentgt ltexpressiongt)
  • Persistent goal. It is true that agent holds a
    persistent goal that expression becomes true, but
    will not necessarily plan to bring it about.

8
Well formed expressions in SL (contd)
  • (feasible ltActionExpressiongt ltWffgt)
  • It is true that ActionExpression (or,
    equivalently, some event) can take place and just
    afterwards Wff will be true.
  • (feasible ltActionExpressiongt)
  • Same as (feasible ltActionExpressiongt true).
  • (done ltActionExpressiongt ltWffgt)
  • It is true that ActionExpression (or,
    equivalently, some event) has just taken place
    and just before that Wff was true.
  • (done ltActionExpressiongt)
  • Same as (done ltActionExpressiongt true).

9
Referential operators in SL
  • (iota lttermgt ltformulagt)
  • The iota operator introduces a scope for the
    given expression (which denotes a term), in which
    the given identifier, which would otherwise be
    free, is defined. An expression containing a free
    variable is not a well-formed FIPA SL expression.
    The expression (iota x (P x)) may be read as the
    x such that P is true of x. The iota operator
    is a constructor for terms which denote objects
    in the domain of discourse.
  • (any lttermgt ltformulagt)
  • The any operator is used to denote any object
    that satisfies the proposition represented by
    formula.
  • (all lttermgt ltformulagt)
  • The all operator is used to denote the set of all
    objects that satisfy the proposition represented
    by formula.

10
Examples
  • Suppose agent A has the following knowledge base
    KBP(A), Q(1, A), Q(1, B). This example shows a
    successful interaction between agent A and B that
    make use of the all operator.
  • (query-ref
  • sender (agent-identifier name B)
  • receiver (set (agent-identifier name A))
  • content "((all (sequence ?x ?y) (q ?x ?y)))"
  • language fipa-sl
  • reply-with query1)
  • (inform
  • sender (agent-identifier name A)
  • receiver (set (agent-identifier name B))
  • content "(( (all (sequence ?x ?y) (q ?x ?y))
    (set(sequence 1 a)(sequence 1 b))))"
  • language fipa-sl
  • in-reply-to query1)

11
Reduced expressivity subsets.
  • The FIPA SL definition given above is a very
    expressive language, but it has an implementation
    cost to the agent and introduces problems of the
    decidability of modal logic.
  • To allow simpler agents, or agents performing
    simple tasks, FIPA introduced semantic and
    syntactic subsets of the full FIPA SL

12
Reduced expressivity subsets of SL
  • FIPA SL0
  • It allows the representation of actions, the
    determination of the result a term representing a
    computation, the completion of an action and
    simple binary propositions.
  • FIPA SL1
  • extends the minimal representational form of FIPA
    SL0 by adding Boolean connectives to represent
    propositional expressions
  • FIPA SL2
  • Profile 2 of FIPA SL allows first order predicate
    and modal logic, but is restricted to ensure that
    it must be decidable. Well-known effective
    algorithms exist that can derive whether or not
    an FIPA SL2 Wff is a logical consequence of a set
    of Wffs (for instance KSAT and Monadic).

13
Implementation concerns
  • Should you use SL for your project?
  • JADE
  • Supports parsing of SL messages (jade.content.sl)
  • Has classes defining the different vocabularies.
  • Has interfaces for the structure of the SL
    expression.
  • So the syntax is not a problem
  • Semantics is you still need to do the
    understanding yourself
  • The JADE developers are working on it.
  • Bond
  • We are also working on it. ?
  • Conclusion
  • The use of the SL syntax (e.g. SL0) is preferable
    for the class projects.
  • It is not a requirement.
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