(GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, LTE and

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(GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, LTE and)
GSM

• Global System for Mobile communications

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GSM History
Year Events
1982 CEPT establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan-European cellular mobile system
1985 Adoption of a list of recommendations to be generated by the group
1986 Field tests were performed in order to test the different radio techniques proposed for the air interface
1987 TDMA is chosen as access method (in fact, it will be used with FDMA) Initial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by telecommunication operators (representing 12 countries)
1988 Validation of the GSM system
1989 The responsibility of the GSM specifications is passed to the ETSI
1990 Appearance of the phase 1 of the GSM specifications
1991 Commercial launch of the GSM service
1992 Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM- MoUgt Coverage of larger cities/airports
1993 Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe
1995 Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas
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GSM world coverage map
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Differences Between First and Second Generation
Systems

• Digital traffic channels first-generation
  systems are almost purely analog
  second-generation systems are digital
• Encryption all second generation systems
  provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping
• Error detection and correction
  second-generation digital traffic allows for
  detection and correction, giving clear voice
  reception
• Channel access second-generation systems allow
  channels to be dynamically shared by a number of
  users

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GSM network

• The GSM network can be divided into four
  subsystems
• The Mobile Station (MS).
• The Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
• The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
• The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).

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GSM Network Architecture
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Mobile Station

• Mobile station communicates across Um interface
  (air interface) with base station transceiver in
  same cell as mobile unit
• Mobile equipment (ME) physical terminal, such
  as a telephone or PCS
• ME includes radio transceiver, digital signal
  processors and subscriber identity module (SIM)
• GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is
  inserted
• SIMs roam, not necessarily the subscriber devices

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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

• BSS consists of base station controller and one
  or more base transceiver stations (BTS)
• Each BTS defines a single cell
• Includes radio antenna, radio transceiver and a
  link to a base station controller (BSC)
• BSC reserves radio frequencies, manages handoff
  of mobile unit from one cell to another within
  BSS, and controls paging
• The BSC (Base Station Controller) controls a
  group of BTS and manages their radio ressources.
  A BSC is principally in charge of handovers,
  frequency hopping, exchange functions and control
  of the radio frequency power levels of the BTSs.

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Network Subsystem (NS)

• NS provides link between cellular network and
  public switched telecommunications networks
• Controls handoffs between cells in different BSSs
• Authenticates users and validates accounts
• Enables worldwide roaming of mobile users
• Central element of NS is the mobile switching
  center (MSC)

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Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Databases

• Home location register (HLR) database stores
  information about each subscriber that belongs to
  it
• Visitor location register (VLR) database
  maintains information about subscribers currently
  physically in the region
• Authentication center database (AuC) used for
  authentication activities, holds encryption keys
• Equipment identity register database (EIR)
  keeps track of the type of equipment that exists
  at the mobile station

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The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

• The OSS is connected to the different components
  of the NSS and to the BSC, in order to control
  and monitor the GSM system. It is also in charge
  of controlling the traffic load of the BSS.
• However, the increasing number of base stations,
  due to the development of cellular radio
  networks, has provoked that some of the
  maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS.
  This transfer decreases considerably the costs of
  the maintenance of the system.

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GSM Channel Types

• Traffic channels (TCHs)
• carry digitally encoded user speech or user data
  and have identical functions and formats on both
  the forward and reverse link.
• Control channels (CCHs)
• carry signaling and synchronizing commands
  between the base station and the mobile station.
  Certain types of control channels are defined for
  just the forward or reverse link.

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How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made

• All base stations continuously send out
  identification signals (ID) of equal, fixed
  strength. When a mobile unit is picked up and
  goes off-hook, it senses these identification
  signals and identifies the strongest. This tells
  the phone which cell it is in and should he
  associated with. The phone then signals to that
  cell's base station with its ID code, and the
  base station passes this to the MSC, which keeps
  track of this phone and its present cell in its
  database. The phone is told what channel to use
  for talking, is given a dial tone, and the call
  activity proceeds just like a regular call. All
  the nontalking activity is done on a setup
  channel with digital codes.

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• Mobile unit initialisation
• Mobile-originated call
• Paging
• Call accepted
• Ongoing call
• Handoff

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GSM Radio interface

• Frequency allocation
• Two frequency bands, of 25 Mhz each one, have
  been allocated for the GSM system
• The band 890-915 Mhz has been allocated for the
  uplink direction (transmitting from the mobile
  station to the base station).
• The band 935-960 Mhz has been allocated for the
  downlink direction (transmitting from the base
  station to the mobile station).

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Multiple access scheme

• In GSM, a 25 MHz frequency band is divided, using
  a FDMA, into 124 carrier frequencies spaced one
  from each other by a 200 kHz frequency band.
• Each carrier frequency is then divided in time
  using a TDMA. This scheme splits the radio
  channel into 8 bursts.
• A burst is the unit of time in a TDMA system, and
  it lasts approximately 0.577 ms.
• A TDMA frame is formed with 8 bursts and lasts,
  consequently, 4.615 ms.
• Each of the eight bursts, that form a TDMA frame,
  are then assigned to a single user.

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GSM bands
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Maximum number of simultaneous calls (124)
8 / N 330 (if N3)
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Multiframe components
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GSM frame format
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TDMS format
Trail bits synchronisation between mobile and BS.
Encrypted bits data is encrypted in blocks, Two
57-bit fields
Stealing bit indicate data or stolen for urgent
control signaling
Training sequence a known sequence that differs
for different adjacent cells. It indicates the
received signal is from the correct transmitter
and not a strong interfering transmitter. It is
also used for multipath equalisation. 26 bits.
Guide bits avoid overlapping, 8.25 bits
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Data rate

• channel data rate in GSM
• (1/120 ms) 26 8 156.25 270.8 33Kbps
• User data rate
• Each user channel receives one slot per frame

With error control
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Traffic Channels

• full rate channels offer a data rate of 22.8
  kBit/s
• speech data used as 13 kBit/s voice data plus
  FEC data
• packet data used as 12, 6, or 3.6 kBit/s plus
  FEC data
• half rate channels offer 11.4 kBit/s
• speech data improved codecs have rates of 6.5
  kBit/s, plus FEC
• packet data can be transmitted at 3 or 6 kBit/s
• Two half rate channels can share one physical
  channel
• Consequence to achieve higher packet data
  rates, multiple logical channels have to be
  allocated ) this is what GPRS does

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Speech coding

• There are 260 bits coming out of a voice coder
  every 20 ms.
• 260 bits/20ms 13 kbps
• These 260 bits are divided into three classes
  
• Class Ia having 50 bits and are most sensitive to
  errors
• 3-bit CRC error detection code 53, then
  protected by a Convolutional (2,1,5) error
  correcting code.
• Class Ib contains 132 bits which are reasonably
  sensitive to bit errors--protected by a
  Convolutional (2,1,5) error correcting code.
• Class II contains 78 bits which are slightly
  affected by bit errors unprotected
• After channel coding 260 bits
  456bits

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Channel coding block coding Then Convolutional
coding
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Evolution from 2G
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• Newer versions of the standard were
  backward-compatible with the original GSM phones.
  
• Release 97 of the standard added packet data
  capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio
  Service (GPRS). GPRS provides data transfer rates
  from 56 up to 114 kbit/s.
• Release 99 introduced higher speed data
  transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
  Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), IMT
  Single Carrier (IMT-SC), four times as much
  traffic as standard GPRS. accepted by the ITU as
  part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards
• Evolved EDGE standard providing reduced latency
  and more than doubled performance e.g. to
  complement High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA). Peak
  bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and typical bit-rates
  of 400kbit/s can be expected.

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GSM-GPRS
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• the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and
  their controllers).
• the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of
  the network most similar to a fixed network).
  This is sometimes also just called the core
  network.
• the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which
  allows packet based Internet connections).all of
  the elements in the system combine to produce
  many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.

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ITUs View of Third-Generation Capabilities

• Voice quality comparable to the public switched
  telephone network
• High data rate. 144 kbps data rate available to
  users in high-speed motor vehicles over large
  areas 384 kbps available to pedestrians standing
  or moving slowly over small areas Support for
  2.048 Mbps for office use
• Symmetrical / asymmetrical data transmission
  rates
• Support for both packet switched and circuit
  switched data services
• An adaptive interface to the Internet to reflect
  efficiently the common asymmetry between inbound
  and outbound traffic
• More efficient use of the available spectrum in
  general
• Support for a wide variety of mobile equipment
• Flexibility to allow the introduction of new
  services and technologies

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Third Generation Systems (3G)

• The dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile
  computing devices through a single, worldwide
  radio transmission standard. However,
• 3 main air interface standards
• W-CDMA(UMTS) for Europe
• CDMA2000 for North America
• TD-SCDMA for China (the biggest market)

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UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
) Services
UMTS offers teleservices (like speech or SMS) and
bearer services, which provide the capability for
information transfer between access points. It is
possible to negotiate and renegotiate the
characteristics of a bearer service at session or
connection establishment and during ongoing
session or connection. Both connection oriented
and connectionless services are offered for
Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint
communication. Bearer services have different QoS
parameters for maximum transfer delay, delay
variation and bit error rate. Offered data rate
targets are144 kbits/s satellite and rural
outdoor384 kbits/s urban outdoor2048 kbits/s
indoor and low range outdoor
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UMTS Architecture
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Core Network
The Core Network is divided in circuit switched
and packet switched domains. Some of the circuit
switched elements are Mobile services Switching
Centre (MSC), Visitor location register (VLR) and
Gateway MSC. Packet switched elements are Serving
GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support
Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR,
HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by both domains.The
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined for
UMTS core transmission. ATM Adaptation Layer type
2 (AAL2) handles circuit switched connection and
packet connection protocol AAL5 is designed for
data delivery.
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W-CDMA Parameters
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Summary of UMTS frequencies
Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS)

• 1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division
  Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink,
  channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz.
  An Operator needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or
  2x20 MHz) to be able to build a high-speed,
  high-capacity network.1900-1920 and 2010-2025
  MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired,
  channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz.
  Tx and Rx are not separated in frequency.1980-201
  0 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and downlink.

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OFCOM The Office of Communications
www.ofcom.org.uk
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Global Wireless Frequency Bands
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Base station finder http//www.sitefinder.ofcom.
org.uk/
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Frequency Spectrum in UK(Sep 2007)
900MHz 1800MHz 2100MHz ( 3G )
Vodafone Vodafone Vodafone
O2 O2 O2
Restricted to 2G services only T-Mobile T-Mobile
  Orange Orange
    Three
    Restricted to 3G services only
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GSM frequency allocations
Mobile phone transmit  frequency MHz Base station transmit frequency MHz
Vodafone GSM 900 890 - 894.6   -23 chs     935 - 939.6
O2 (BT) GMS 900 894.8 - 902 939.8 - 947
Vodafone GSM 900 902 - 910 947 - 955
O2 (BT) GMS 900 910 - 915 955 - 960

Vodafone GSM 1800       O2 GSM 1800 1710 - 1721.5 1805 - 1816.5
T Mobile GSM 1800 1721.5 - 1751.5 1816.5 - 1846.5
Orange GSM 1800 1751.5 - 1781.5 1846.5 - 1876.5

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The UMTS/3G frequency allocations
Frequency (MHz) Bandwidth (MHz) licence holder
1900 - 1900.3 Guard band
1900.3 - 1905.2 4.9 licence D T-Mobile
1905.2 - 1910.1 4.9 licence E Orange
1910.1 - 1915.0 4.9 licence C O2
1915.0 - 1919.9 4.9 licence A 3
1919.9 - 1920.3 Guard band
1920.3 - 1934.9 14.6 licence A 3
1934.9 - 1944.9 10 licence C O2
1944.9 - 1959.7 14.8 licence B Vodafone
1959.7 - 1969.7 10 licence D T-Mobile
1969.7 - 1979.7 10 licence E Orange
2110 - 2110.3 Guard band
2110.3 - 2124.9 14.6 licence A 3
2124.9 - 2134.9 10 licence C O2
2134.9 - 2149.7 14.8 licence B Vodafone
2149.7 - 2159.7 10 licence D T-Mobile
2159.7 - 2169 10 licence E Orange
2169.7 - 2170 Guard band
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3G downlink Signal level measured at T701
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Vodafone
O2
T-Mobile
Orange
EE
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3G download Signal level measured at T714
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3G Uplink signal level
Uplink signal monitoring without 3G calls
Uplink signal monitoring with an Vodafone 3G call
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MVNO
A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) is a
mobile phone operator that provides services
directly to their own customers but does not own
key network assets such as a licensed frequency
allocation of radio spectrum and the cell tower
infrastructure. The UK mobile market has 5 main
mobile network operators and has a total of more
than 20 MVNOs (virgin, tesco, asda,
lyca). http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unit
ed_Kingdom_mobile_virtual_network_operators
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International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)
Advanced

• Key features of IMT-Advanced
• a high degree of commonality of functionality
  worldwide while retaining the flexibility to
  support a wide range of services and applications
  in a cost efficient manner
• compatibility of services within IMT and with
  fixed networks
• capability of interworking with other radio
  access systems
• high quality mobile services
• user equipment suitable for worldwide use
• user-friendly applications, services and
  equipment
• worldwide roaming capability and,
• enhanced peak data rates to support advanced
  services and applications (100 Mbit/s for high
  and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as
  targets for research).

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3.5G (HSPA)

• High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an
  amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols,
  High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and
  High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
  extends and improves the performance of existing
  WCDMA protocols
• 3.5G introduces many new features that will
  enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV
  already supports most of the features that will
  be provided in 3.5G. These include
• - Adaptive Modulation and Coding
• - Fast Scheduling
• - Backward compatibility with 3G
• - Enhanced Air Interface

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What is 4G
4th Generation of Mobile communications First Gen
Analog, AMPS 2G, Digital, IncreaseVoice Capacity-
TDMA, GSM 1xRTT 3G High Speed Data EVDO, UMTS,
HSPA ITU defines 4G as 100 Mbps mobile, 1 Gbps
stationary LTE-Advanced WiMax 2.0 4G certified,
theoretically capable Realistic? Nokia lab demo
w/ 8 antennas, 60 MHz 1 user Market 4G defined
as 10X 3G or 5-10 Mbps Current gen WiMax, LTE
HSPA
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4G (LTE)

• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Based on UMTS 3G technology
• Optimized for All-IP traffic

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LTE Link Budget Comparison
Uplink Budget Comparison LTE Encyclopedia https
//sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/lte-radio-
link-budgeting-and-rf-planning/lte-link-budget-com
parison
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LTE Link Budget Comparison
Downlink Budget Comparison
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Mapping of Path Losses to Cell Sizes
https//sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/lte-
radio-link-budgeting-and-rf-planning
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Advantages of LTE
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Comparison of LTE Speed
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Major LTE Radio Technogies

• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
  (OFDM) for downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
  Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced
  throughput
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less
  battery power used by handsets)

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LTE Physical Channels

• Physical Channels used in Long Term Evolution
  (LTE) downlink and in uplink
•  
• Downlink Channels
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)  
• Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
• Uplink Channels
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

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Key LTE radio access features
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Commercial LTE Speed evolution
LTE AdvancedRadio Systems

Peak rate 50 Mbps 150 Mbps 1000 Mbps
Typical user rate downlink 5-30 Mbps 10-100 Mbps Operator dependent
Typical user rate uplinkBandwidths 1-10 Mbps 5-50 Mbps Operator dependent
LTE brings excellent user and network experience
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Release schedule RAN features
2009
2011
2003
2005
1999
2001
2007
2013
2015

• 3GPP work is structured in releases (REL) of 1-3
  years duration
• each release consists of several work items (WI)
  and study items (SI)
• even if a REL is completed corrections are
  possible later
• existing features of one REL can be enhanced in a
  future REL

Release 99
ITU-R M.1457 IMT-2000 Recommendation
W-CDMA
LCR TDD
Release 4
HSDPA
Release 5
Release 6
HSUPA, MBMS
only mainRAN WI listed
HSPA (MIMO, etc.)
Release 7
LTE
Release 8

• 3GPP aligned to ITU-R IMT process
• 3GPP Releases evolve to meet
• Future Requirements for IMT
• Future operator and end-user requirements

LTE enhancements
Release 9
Release 10
LTE-Advanced
Further LTE enhancements
Release 11
Release 12
???
Dr. Joern Krause
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Main Features in LTE-A Release 10

• Support of wider bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation)
• Use of multiple component carriers (CC) to extend
  bandwidth up to 100 MHz
• Common L1 parameters between component carrier
  and LTE Rel-8 carrier
• Improvement of peak data rate, backward
  compatibility with LTE Rel-8
• Advanced MIMO techniques
• Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in
  downlink (REL-8 4-layer in downlink)
• Introduction of single-user MIMO with up to
  4-layer transmission in uplink
• Enhancements of multi-user MIMO
• Improvement of peak data rate and capacity
• Heterogeneous network and eICIC (enhanced
  Inter-Cell Interference Coordination)
• Interference coordination for overlay deployment
  of cells with different Tx power
• Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage
• Relay
• Relay Node supports radio backhaul and creates a
  separate cell and appearsas Rel. 8 LTE eNB to
  Rel. 8 LTE UEs
• Improvement of coverage and flexibility of
  service area extension
• Minimization of Drive Tests
• replacing drive tests for network optimization by
  collected UE measurements
• Reduced network planning/optimization costs

eNB
Dr. Joern Krause
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LTE/LTE-A REL-11 features

• Coordinated Multi-Point Operation (DL/UL) (CoMP)
• cooperative MIMO of multiple cells to improve
  spectral efficiency, esp. at cell edge
• Enhanced physical downlink control channel
  (E-PDCCH) new Ctrl channelwith higher capacity
• Further enhancements for
• Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) QoS
  measurements (throughput, data volume)
• Self Optimizing Networks (SON) inter RAT
  Mobility Robustness Optimisation (MRO)
• Carrier Aggregation (CA) multiple timing advance
  in UL, UL/DL config. in inter-band CA TDD
• Machine-Type Communications (MTC) EAB mechanism
  against overload due to MTC
• Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)
  Service continuity in mobility case
• Network Energy Saving for E-UTRAN savings for
  interworking with UTRAN/GERAN
• Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
  assistance to UE for CRS interference reduction
• Location Services (LCS) Network-based
  positioning (U-TDOA)
• Home eNode B (HeNB) mobility enhancements, X2
  Gateway
• RAN Enhancements for Diverse Data Applications
  (eDDA)
• Power Preference Indicator (PPI) informs NW of
  mobiles power saving preference
• Interference avoidance for in-device coexistence
  (IDC)
• FDM/DRX ideas to improved coexistence of LTE,
  WiFi, Bluetooth transceivers, GNSS receivers in
  UE
• High Power (33dBm) vehicular UE for 700MHz band
  for America for Public Safety
• Additional special subframe configuration for LTE
  TDD for TD-SCDMA interworking

Dr. Joern Krause
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Generations ofMobile Communication Systems

• 1G analogue systems from 1980s(e.g. NMT, AMPS,
  TACS, C-Netz)
• 2G first digital systems of 1990s(e.g. GSM,
  CDMAone, PDC, D-AMPS)
• 3G IMT-2000 family defined by ITU-R(e.g. UMTS,
  CDMA2000)
• 4G fulfilling requirements ofIMT-Advanced
  defined by ITU-R(e.g. LTE-A, WiMAX)
• 5G ?
• too early to be a topic in standardization,furthe
  r 4G enhancements expected before
• driven by requirements from customers network
  operators
• restricted by spectrum limitations
• often influenced by new technologies/applications

Dr. Joern Krause
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Ofcom (The Office of Communications) awards 4G
licences in 2.34 billion auction Feb 2013
Everything Everywhere, Hutchison 3G UK,
Telefonica (O2), Vodafone (VOD) and BT (BT.A)'s
Niche Spectrum Ventures secured the 4G licences.
Vodafone was the highest bidder at 791 million,
securing five chunks of 4G spectrum. When mobile
operator EE, a joint venture between T-Mobile and
Orange, became the first to launch a 4G service
in October 2012 in a brief monopoly, it struggled
to attract users. It was forced to cut its prices
in January, lowering its entry price to 31 from
36 a month. Ofcom Independent regulator and
competition authorityfor the UK communications
industries.
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Ofcom announces winners of the 4G mobile
auctionFebruary 20, 2013 http//consumers.ofcom.o
rg.uk/4g-auction/
Winning bidder Spectrum won Base price
Everything Everywhere Ltd 2 x 5 MHz of 800 MHz (796-801 837-842MHz) and2 x 35 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2535-2570 2655-2690MHz) 588,876,000
Hutchison 3G UK Ltd 2 x 5 MHz of 800 MHz (791-796 832-837MHz) 225,000,000
Niche Spectrum Ventures Ltd (a subsidiary of BT Group plc) 2 x 15 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2520-2535 2640-2655MHz) and1 x 25 MHz of 2.6 GHz (unpaired) (2595-2620MHz) 186,476,000
Telefónica UK Ltd (O2) 2 x 10 MHz of 800 MHz (811-821 852-862MHz)(coverage obligation lot) 550,000,000
Vodafone Ltd 2 x 10 MHz of 800 MHz, (801-811 842-852MHz)2 x 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2500-2520 2620-2640MHz) and1 x 25 MHz of 2.6 GHz (unpaired) (2570-2595MHz) 790,761,000
Total 2,341,113,000
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Frequencies are in use for LTE in the UK

• Three different frequency bands are used for 4G
  LTE in the UK.
• 800MHz,
• 1.8GHz ,
• 2.6GHz band.

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Vodafone
O2
Measured signal strength of LTE in 800MHz in T718
LSBU
Vodafone
Vodafone
Vodafone
BT
Measured signal strength of LTE in 2.6 GHz in
T718 LSBU
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4G coverage in UK, 2014
http//opensignal.com/
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EE, 4G coverage in the UK, March 2015
http//opensignal.com/
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The State of LTE (February 2013)
What is the difference between LTE and 4G? 4G
100Mbp/s while on moving transport and 1Gbp/s
when stationary. While LTE is much faster than
3G, it has yet to reach the International
Telecoms Union's (ITU) technical definition of
4G. LTE does represent a generational shift in
cellular network speeds, but is labelled
'evolution' to show that the process is yet to be
fully completed.
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The Global Rollout
76 Countries with LTE 18 LTE scheduled Austral
ia (24.5Mbps) Fastest Country With LTE Claro
Brazil (27.8Mbps) Fastest Network With LTE Japan
(66 LTE improvement) Most Improved country for
LTE Speed Tele2 Sweden (93 coverage) Network
With Best Coverage South Korea (91 average
coverage) Country with Best Coverage
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Feb 2013 http//opensignal.com/reports/state-of-l
te/
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Feb 2014 http//opensignal.com/reports/state-of-l
te-q1-2014/
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On average LTE is the fastest wireless technology
worldwide, representing a real increase in speed
on both 3G and HSPA. 4G LTE is over 5x faster
than 3G and over twice as fast as HSPA and
represents a major leap forward in wireless
technology.
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References

• Dr. Joern Krause, Future 3GPP RAN
  standardization activities for LTE ppt, Oct
  2012.
• http//www.ofcom.org.uk/
• http//www.4g.co.uk/4g-lte-advanced/