???? Writing up Research

1
???? Writing up Research

• Instructor Eric Wang
• EMBA, National Central University

2
??(?)???????

• ?????
• ??
• ????????
• ????????(?????),??????????????
• ????????

3
??

• ?????,???????
• ????,???????????
• ???????,??????????
• ????,????(????????)
• ?????????

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??(I)

• ??????????
• ??????? a summary of your research
• ????????????????,?????

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??(II)

• ????????? Should briefly
• ??????
• Re-establish the topic of the research
• ???????/???---??????????
• ???????
• ????????
• ????????

6
?????????

• ??
• ?????? - ??????,???????????,????????
• ??
• ??????- ???????????????????

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????vs.????

• ???? Introduction
• ??,??????
• ????????????,???????????????
• ???? Abstract
• ?????
• ????????
• ??????(??????????????/??),??????????????

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????

• ???????????,??????????????????
• THE PURPOSE The introduction introduces the
  research by situating it (by giving background),
  presenting the research problem and saying how
  and why this problem will be "solved."

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???????,??????

• ?????????????????,??????????(??)
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????(?
  ?)(Rationale)

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???????,??????

• ???????????????????????????????????(????)
• ???????????????????????(??)

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???????,??????

• ?????????????????????????????????????(??) (Scope)
  
• ???????????????????????(??)(Limitations)

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???????,??????

• ?????????????????,????????????????????????????????
  ???????????(??)(Assumptions)

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?????????

• ????,???? ????????,??????????????
• ????????
• ???????????,?????????????- ???????????????
• ?????????????,???????

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???????How Introductions Are Organized

• Swales (1984) ?????
• ?? 1????
• Move 1 Establish the field
• ?? 2 ??????
• Move 2 Define a research problem
• ?? 3 ??????
• Move 3 Propose a solution
• Adapted from Swales, J. (1984). Research into the
  structure of introductions to journal articles
  and its application to the teaching of academic
  writing. In Common Ground Shared interests in
  ESP and communication studies. eds. R. J.
  Williams, J. Swales, and J. Kirkman. Oxford
  Pergamon.

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?? 1????

• ?????????(?????)
• ?/?
• claiming centrality (why this field of study is
  important)
• and/or
• ???????
• ?/?
• moving from general to specific
• and/or
• ?????????
• reviewing relevant items of previous research

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????????? Claiming Centrality

• ?????????
• ?????????
• the research done is also crucial
• "Minimum safe low temperatures (above freezing)
  and high humidity control are the most important
  tools for extending shelf life in vegetables"
  (Barth et al., 1993).

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??????? General to Specific

• ????????????,?????????
• ??????????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ????????????????,???????????!

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????

• ????????????,????????,???????(????????????)
• Numerous studies on the utilization of plant
  proteins as a partial or complete replacement for
  fish meal in diets have been conducted using
  various freshwater and marines fishes (Lovell,
  1987 Tacon et al., 1983 Murai et al., 1989a
  Cowey et al., 1974).

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?? 2??????

• ???????????
• ?
• indicating a gap
• or
• ??????
• ?
• raising a question
• or
• ???????????????
• ?
• continuing a previously developed line of
  inquiry
• or
• ????(??????????)
• counter-claiming (disagreeing with an
  existing/accepted approach)

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???????Gap

• ???????????????????????????????????????,??????????
  ?,?????????????
• However, very little is known about the
  feasibility of using soybean meal as a dietary
  protein source in practical feeds for yellowtail
  Seriola quinqueradiata.

21
??????

• ???????,?????????????
• The research problem is defined by asking a
  question to which the answer is unknown, and
  which you will explore in your research.
• The question we address here is how technological
  change occurs when it is the overall system that
  needs to be changed. In particular, how can we
  begin and sustain a technological transition away
  from hydrocarbon based technologies?

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???????????

• ????????,??????(?????????????????????????)

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????Counter-Claiming

• ???????????????  
• ????????????????????,???????????

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?? 3??????

• ??????/????
• ?/?
• outlining purpose/setting objectives
• and/or
• ?????????
• ?
• announcing present research (methodology)
• and
• ??????(??)
• ?
• announcing principal findings (results)
• and
• ??????
• indicating the structure of the research

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??????

• ??????????????????,???????????????????,???????????
  ????(???????)?
• ?????????????,????????,???????

26
?????????

• ?????????,???????????(????????????????

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??????(??)

• ?????????????,????????

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??????

• ?????????????????,???????????

29
????????

• ????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????
  ??????????

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???????

• ????????????????,??????

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??Notice That

• ?????????????????
• ???????????????,???????????????????????!?????????,
  ???????,???????????

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??????

• ???????
• ???? Journal articles
• ?? Books
• ????? Conference proceedings
• ???? ???? Government corporate reports
• ?? Newspapers
• ?? Theses and dissertation
• ?? Internet
• CR-ROM
• ?? Maganizes

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???????What Is a Review?

• ???????????????
• ?????????????????,????????????,?????????????

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????????

• ?????????????(??,????)?
• ????????????????(??,??????????????????) ?
• ?????????????????(?????????????)

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???????????????

1. ????????,?????????
2. ??????????????????????
3. ?????????????????
4. ?????????What are the existing theories?
5. ??????,????????????
6. ????????????
7. ???????????????????????????
8. ????????????
9. ???????
10. ?????????????

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????Writing Your Own Review

• ??????????????,??????????????????
• Their findings and suggestions are reviewed here.
• JACHOWSKI (1964) developed ..
• HORIKAWA (1964) studied .
• SELEZOV and ZHELEZNYAK (1965) conducted ..

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????????????

• ??????????????????????
• ????????????????????,???????,??????,?????????????
  ?????
• ?????????????????????,??????????????

38
?????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????
• ???,?????????????,????????????????????,???????,??
  ?????????

39
??

• ????????!
• ???????????,???????!
• ????????!
• ??????!
• ???????!
• ??????????????

40
???????????

• ???,????,????????
• ?????
• group similar information
• ??????????????,?????
• ?????????????????
• indicated the position of the work in the
  research area history
• ?????(AS/RS???) ,???????(?????)???

41
???????

• ???????
• Two Main Purposes describe
• ??????????
• ???????
• ???,???????????????

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????????????

• ?????????
• ??????????
• ???????????????,????????
• ???????????????

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????????????

• ?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????
• ??,??????????????????????????,?????????????

44
???????????

• ????????
• ?????????
• ?????????????
• ???????
• ????????????????

45
?????????

• ????Introduction
• ??????Literature review
• ??????Method
• ?????????Results and discussion
• ????Conclusions

46
???????

• ??????????????????????????,??????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??,??????????????,????????

47
???????

• ??????????,?????????
• ???????????????????,?????
• ?????????????????????????

48
???????

• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ????????????????????????

49
???????

• ????????????,??????????,???????
• ???????????????????
• ????????????????

50
????????

• ??????????????
• ??????????????????,?????????
• ??????,??????????

51
??????

• ????????,????????
• ??
• ??????????????????(??????)
• ??????????????,??????????????

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??????????????

• ????????,????(???????48.9)
• ?????????(?????????????)?
• ?????????????????
• perhaps commenting on whether certain results
  were expected or unexpected.

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???????????

• ?????????????,???????????
• ????????????????,??????????????????????

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?????????????

• ??????????,?????(?????????)
• ??????????????,?????????

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????Example Figure
Historical information (29.0)
Strategies of failure diagnosis in
computer-controlled manufacturing systems
empirical analysis and implications for the
design of adaptive decision support systems
56
????

• Figure 2 shows that the most frequent diagnosis
  strategies were historical information (29 of
  the 182 observed strategies), least effort
  (11.5), reconstruction?(9.8) and sensory check
  (8.7). Strategies such as historical information
  which check available information about the
  failure history, and least effort are two low
  cost technical checks which shorten the time
  needed for diagnosis activities. Strategies such
  as split half leading to a binary reduction of
  the problem space, and information uncertainty
  play only a minor role in real-life failure
  diagnosis of machine tools (1.1, see Figure 2).

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?? Advice

• ?????????,??????????????,???????,?(????) 
• ? 1 ???????
• Table 1 shows the results from the laboratory
  experiment.
• ??????,??????????(??? 1)?

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????Discussion

• ?????
• ???????????????,???????
• ??????????????????????
• ??(?????)???
• ????????????
• Hypothesis general implications for future study

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?????????

• ????????????????
• ???????????
• Solution remember that the discussion should
  explain the results

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????????

• ??????????,?????(?????????)
• ??????????????,?????????

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?? Advice

• ????????????????????
• ?????????????,???????(??????????????)
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????????????,??????
• ??????????????

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???? Conclusions

• ????(??)
• What was learned (this usually comes first)
• ?????(???????)
• What remains to be learned (directions for
  future research)
• ?????(??)
• The shortcomings of what was done (evaluation)
• ?????????(??)???
• The benefits, advantages, applications, etc. of
  the research (evaluation), and Recommendations.

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?????????

• ??????????,??????????? 2.5?
• ????????????????????????

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?????????

• ????????????????????,?????????????????????(??????
  ????????)?????,????,?????????????????
• Failure to comment on larger, more significant
  issues.

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?????????

• ?????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????
  ?????????

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?????????

• ??????????????????????????(????????),???????????,?
  ????????

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?????????

• ????????????????????????,????????,????????????????
  ,????????????????

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?????????

• ???????????,??????????,???????????????????????,???
  ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ????,????????!

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?????????

• ??????!??????,??????,???????????????????????,?????
  ?????
• ???????????,?????????????,????????????????????????
  ??,?????????????????,?????????????

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?????????

• ??????!????????????????????
• ????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
  ???,???????????,????????????????????

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?????????

• ???????????????!
• ??????????????,??????????????????!????????,???????
  ????????,????????????????

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?????????

• ??????!????,?????????,??????

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?????Referencing

• ????????????????
• Referencing (also called citing or documenting)
  your sources means systematically showing what
  information or ideas you are quoting or
  paraphrasing, and where they come from.
• ????????????????????????????,??????????

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????? Referencing Systems

• ????????????,?????
• ?????????
• ????
• in-text reference
• ????
• full bibliographic information

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????????

• In recent years, there has been a rapid increase
  in car sales in Thailand (Honda 1995).
• In recent years, there has been a rapid increase
  in car sales in Thailand (Honda, 1995).
• In recent years there has been a rapid increase
  in car sales in Thailand 1.

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????

• ??????????
• List alphabetically by authors family name
• ??????????????
• Usually the first two in-text reference types
• ??????????
• In the order in which the references appear in
  the writing
• ??????????????
• Usually the third in-text reference type

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????Problems

• ??????????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ????????????
• ????? Y ?????? X ?????,?????
• Previous research supports this argument, since
  it has been found that 60 of clowns are
  sufferers of chronic depression (Singh, 1990,
  cited in Honda, 1993).

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???????????

• ?????????????
• All work done by other researchers, and that you
  want to refer to in your own writing.
• ????????
• Other writers' words
• ??
• Plagiarism

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????????????

• ????
• General knowledge
• ??????????
• Information that is common knowledge in your
  field
• ?????????????
• Ideas that are definitely your own, and findings
  or insights from your own research.

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?? Problems

• ???????????????????
• ??????????(?????)?
• ??????????????
• ?????????????,????????
• What should you do if you want to use an adapted
  version of someone else's work?
• ??????

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??

• ???????????????????
• (Hynes, 1989 Wu, 1991 Lefre, 1994)
• ????????????
• ??????????????????

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????(I)

• Chicago style
• ???? In-text reference
• (Smith 1978)
• According to Smith (1978)
• et al." (which means "and others") (Wong et
  al. 1997).
• References page
• Wong, X., M. Singh and P. Duncan. 1997.
  Increasing rice yields in wet paddy. Agricultural
  Review 15 167-191.  

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????( II )

• APA (American Psychological Association) Style
• ???? In-text reference
• (Smith, 1978)
• Quote "Development will be slowed by such a
  move" (Smith, 1988, p. 80).
• References page
• Wong, X., Singh, M. Duncan, P. (1997).
  Increasing rice yields in wet paddy. Agricultural
  Review, 15, 167-191.

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??????????

• ???????
• ????????
• ???????????

85
??????

• American Council of Learned Societies (2000).
  "Fulbright Economics Teaching Program, Ho Chi
  Minh City, Vietnam." Available online
  http//www.acls.org/pro-fet3.htm. (Downloaded
  May 10, 2000).

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???? Quoting

• ???????? Quotations should include the exact
  words
• ????SHORTENEDIn many academic circles in
  America, literary translation is still considered
  a secondary activity . . . neither worthy of
  serious critical attention nor of general
  interest to the public (Gentzler 1993 34).

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???? Quotation

• ?????( . . .???)??????????????,????????????
• ???????????????

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?? Paraphrasing

• ?? Original (Wu, 1994) "This has led to the
  conclusion that, out of the US population at
  large, 90 watch television to excess."
• ???Paraphrased In contradiction to Suzukis
  claim, Wu argues that 90 of Americans watch too
  much television (1994).

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?????????

• ????????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ????????????
• ?????????

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??Plagiarism

• ?????????????,???????
• ???????????????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????,??????????,??????