Computer Architecture

1
Computer Architecture

• Lecture 1 Introduction
• Piotr Bilski

2
Plan of the Lectures

1. Introduction, history of the computers, Moore's
   Law
2. Structure of the computer system. System bus.
   Orders' cycle
3. Logical systems. Computer's arithmetics
4. Processor's instruction list
5. Structure and work regime of the processor
6. Control Unit
7. Cache memory
8. Internal and external memory
9. Input/output devices
10. Operating system support
11. RISC processors
12. Superscalar processors
13. Parallel architectures
14. IA-64 architecture

3
Points and Grades

• Two tests during the semester 50 points MAX
• Two programming projects 50 points MAX
• 26 pts grade 3
• 31 pts grade 3,5
• 36 pts grade 4
• 41 pts grade 4,5
• 46 pts grade 5

4
References

• W. Stallings, Computer Organization and
  Architecture. Designing and Performance. 7th
  Edition, Prentice Hall, 2006.
• A.J. van de Goor, High Performance Computer
  Architecture, Prentice-Hall, 1989.
• B. Wilkinson, Computer architecture (2nd ed.)
  Prentice-Hall 1996.
• Hennessy, J.L. Patterson, Computer architecture
  a quantitative approach (3nd ed.) Morgan Kaufman
  2005.
• J. Silc, B. Robin, T. Ungerer, Processors
  architecture from dataflow to superscalar and
  beyond Springer-Verlag 1999.

5
Organization and Architecture of the Computer
System

• Organization determines operational units and
  connections between them, which realize
  architecture
• Architecture describes attributes
  (characteristics) of the computer system, visible
  (accessible) for the programmer

6
Definition of the Computer

• Computer is, in general meaning, computing
  machine, used for processing of the information
  represented in the digital form or as the
  continuous signal
• What is the difference between the calculator and
  the computer?

7
Classification of the Computers
Method of the data processing
Size of the instruction set
RISC
Serial (scalar)
Parallel
CISC
Matrix
Application
Vector
Multiprocessor
Universal
Breadth of the address bus
Problem-oriented
8-bit
32-bit
Specialized
16-bit
64-bit
8
Functional Scheme of the Computer
Environment
Data processing with transmission
Data transmission
Transfer data module
Internal processing of data
Data storage
Data processing module
Data storing module
Control module
9
Phases of the Computer Development

1. Computers based on the vacuum lamps (1946-1957)
2. Transistor-based computers (1958-1964)
3. SSI, MSI structure-based computers (1965-1971)
4. LSI structure-based computers (1972-1977)
5. VLSI structure-based computers (1978-??)
6. New architectures molecular, quantum, optical,
   neurocomputers

10
Phases of the Processor Development (Intel)

1. 8-bit processors (8086-80188)
2. 16-bit processors (80286)
3. First 32-bit processors (80386)
4. 486 family (80486)
5. Pentium family (80586)
6. Pentium Pro family (80686)
7. Pentium IV family
8. 64-bit processors (Pentium IV Extreme)
9. Multicore processors (Dual Core, Core2Duo,
   Core2Quad, X2, X4, i7)

11
Pentium and PowerPC

• Pentium
• Manufactured by Intel
• Classical superscalar representative of the x86
  architecture
• Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium Pro, Pentium IV,
  IA-64 (64-bit!)

• PowerPC
• Manufactured by IBM-Apple-Motorola
• The best RISC processor
• Models 601, 603, 604, 620, G3, G4
• Currently installed in the network devices,
  printers (Kyocera) and consoles (PS3, Nintendo
  Wii)

12
ENIAC (J.P. Eckert, J.W. Maulchy - 1946)

• Considered (erroneously) as the first computer in
  the world
• Calculations in the decimal system (no memory)
• Weight 30 tons, 20 thousand of the vacuum
  lamps inside, 5000 op/s, power required 140 kW
• Applications calculations for the military
  (missiles ballistics, viability to construct the
  hydrogen bomb)

13
Commercial Computers (since 1951)

• 701, 702 (IBM)

UNIVAC I (Sperry-Rand Corporation)
Characteristics Central Processing Unit (CPU)
based on the vacuum lamps Operational memory
based on the ferrite rings or electrostatic lamps
14
The First Microprocessor (1971)

• Developed in the Intel company, labelled as 4004
  (author Ted Hoff)
• Built from 2300 transistors
• Impemented operation of adding two 4-bit numbers
• 100 kHz clock

15
The First General Purpose Processor (1974)

• Signature 8080
• 8-bit processor
• Clock speed 2 MHz
• 6000 of transistors in the circuit
• 64 kB of addressable memory

16
Apple II Computer (1977)

• The first one to present the colour graphics
• Open architecture (easy to expand)
• MOS 6502 processor (1MHz to 3 MHz)
• RAM memory 4KB, max. 64 KB
• WOZ Integer Basic operating system

17
IBM PC/XT Computer (1983)

• Intel 8088 processor (4,77 MHz), later (in the
  turbo mode) to 14 MHz
• RAM memory max. 640 kB
• 8-bit ISA bus
• Later replaced by IBM PC/AT and IBM PC/XT/286

18
Moores Law (1965)
Gordon Moore (born in 1929, San Francisco,
California), PhD in physics in 1954 r. One of the
founders of the Intel corporation in 1968 r.
Economically optimal number of the transistors
in the integrated chip will be doubled every 18
months
Computational power of the microprocessors will
be doubled every 18 months, assuming constant
production cost
19
Moore's Law (cont.)

• Original drawing from Moore's paper (1965)

20
Moores Law (cont.)
If the car technology in 1971 was accelerating
in the same pace as microelectronics, today we
would travel from San Francisco to New York
within 13 seconds
21
Increase of the Integration Scale in Time
22
Performance Gap

• Efficiency advancement of processors and memory
  was not uniform
• Frequencies of the processor clock are much
  greater than these of memory
• Numerous methods of compensating for this gap are
  applied
• Increasing of the memory clock
• Increasing of the cache memory size
• Modifying the sequence of the instructions
  execution flow

23
Illustration of the Performance Gap
24
Problem of the physical limitations

• Size of transistors cannot be decreased
  indefinitely!
• A significant problem is the heat emission
  (cooling issue!)
• Processor core has a crucial influence on the
  calculations efficiency and emitted heat

25
Comparison of Single- and Multicore Architectures
Single core Multiprocessor
Multicore
cache
cache
cache
cache




26
Turing Machine (1937)
1
0
B
2
F
tape
6
?
head
Head control

• The first theoretical model of the computer
• Was used to design the Colossus computer
• Symbols are read from the tape, result of the
  calculations is also stored on the tape

27
Work Regime of the Turing Machine

• Control unit is the processor, moving over the
  tape and performing write/read operations
• Control unit's action depends on the symbol read
  from the tape and state of the control unit
• Instruction of the Turing machine
• (S0, qi, Sz, qj, L/P)

Operational part of the instruction
Identification part of the instruction
28
von Neumann Architecture (1945)

• Universal uniprocessor architecture, the base for
  the modern computers
• First practical realization IAS computer (1952)
• Functional structure
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) consisting of the
  Arithmetical-Logical Unit (ALU) and Control Unit
  (CU)
• Main memory used to store data and instructions
• Input/output modules

29
Organization of the von Neumann Machine
CPU
System bus
Computational part of the CPU
I/O devices
AC
ALU
MBR
Internal bus
Control part of the CPU
main memory
MAR
CU
PC
IR