Peacekeeping and Intervention

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Peacekeeping and Intervention
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What Happened in Darfur?

• Failed state
• Poverty
• Natural resources crises
• Security dilemma among ethnic groups
• Small group of extremists
• Arab Janjaweed militia
• Leadership and manipulation of ethnic symbols,
  myths and divisions
• Some 70,000 dead, 2.3mn displaced
• African Union peacekeeping troops

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Peacekeeping

• Insertion of independent international forces
  between warring parties, with the consent of both
  sides to the conflict
• Strategy coined in 1956 by Dag Hammarskjold and
  Lester Pearson
• Principles
• Consent by warring parties
• Neutrality of troops
• Use of force only in self-defense

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Case the Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

• Egypts Gamal Nasser privatizes Suez
• Egypt sponsors guerilla attacks against Israel
• Israel invades Sinai, claims self-defense
• Pressure from US to end the conflict
• Parties agree to cease fire, Hammarskold and
  Pearson devise a peacekeeping plan and send UN
  troops

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Conditions for Successful Peacekeeping

• Parties want to disengage
• Stalemate
• Costly war of attrition
• Majority wants to avoid war
• Interest by great powers to limit conflict
• Interest to contain conflict
• Coercive cooperation
• Consensus in Security Council

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UN Peacekeeping
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Other Peacekeeping Forces

• NATO
• African Union
• EU forces

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Case Peacekeeping in former Yugoslavia

• The Srebrenica massacre
• Dayton Agreement between Croatia, Yugoslavia, and
  Bosnia and Hertzegovina (1995)
• UN peacekeeping force monitors ceasefire
• NATO-led multinational Implementation Force
  (IFOR) took over in December 1995
• NATO force replaced by The European Union Police
  Mission in 2002

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Intervention

• Military intervention
• interference with force in the internal affairs
  of another state
• Limited military action
• Blockade
• Support opposition
• Military advisers
• Economic assistance
• Broadcasts and speeches

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Is Humanitarian Intervention Justified?

• Yes
• Morally required
• Stop genocide and crimes against humanity
• When humanitarian crises threaten peace
• Customary right to humanitarian intervention

• No
• Contradicts sovereignty
• States should tender to their own security first
  and foremost
• Strategic rather humanitarian motives prevail
• Applied arbitrary
• Slippery slope to aggression

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Conditions for Intervention

• UN Charter sovereignty and non-intervention
• Authorized by UN resolution
• Collective security Iraq 1990
• Operation Provide Comfort in Northern Iraq (1991)
• NATO lead missions, followed by UN missions
• -Collective security Afghanistan (2001)
• -Kosovo (1999)

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Case Kosovo Intervention

• Guerrilla war intensifies 1998
• Tens of thousands killed, hundreds of thousands
  displaced
• Russia and China block UN decision on
  intervention
• NATO air strikes 1999

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• Rwanda To Intervene or Not to Intervene?

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Risks of Intervention

• Casualties for international forces
• Lack of domestic support
• Intractable missions Somalia
• Suspicion of imperialism
• Difficult to force peaceful co-existence