Title: 1993???
1????????-???????-
?????????????????????? ????????????? ????????
2??1
- 1968????
- 1991????????????
- ??????????????????????
- 1993???????????
- ?????????????????????????????????????????
- 2000???
- ??????????????????????????????
- ?????????????(???????)??????
3??1'
- ??????
- ??????????
- 2???1??????????
- ????4???
- ??4.5???????SE????????
- ???????????????
4??2?????????(??)??????
- 2000,2001????????????????????????
- 2002????????????CREST??????????
- ??
- ?????????(??)???
- ?????????????????????????????????
- GAME-T??????,CD-ROM??/??
- CCSR/NIES AGCM??????????
- ???????????????GSWP2/ALMA?????
- ????????????????????????????????
- ?????????????????????????????????????????
5????????
6??????????
- Globalltglobe ????
- ????????????
- ??????
- ??????????
7?????????????
- ????????????
- ???????(???)????????????????
- ?????????????????????????
- ???????????
- ???????SST(????)???????????????????????
8??????????????
- ????????????
- ?????????(????????????????????)
- ???????????????(??????)???,???????????
- ??????????????,???????,??????????????????????
????????etc.etc??????????????
9????????????????
- ???????????????
- ?????????????
- ????????????????????
- ?????????????????????????????????
- ???????????
- ????????????????
- ???????????????????????????????????????
10?????????????
- ?????14?km3????????2600m????????????km3? 1 km3
109m3.(???????????0.6km3) - 98???
- ????????????
- ??????????????????????????40000km3/year
11?????
- ?????????
- SST?????????
- ?????????
- ???????????
- ??????????????
- ???????????????
- ?????????
- ?????????
- ????????????
- ???????????
12??????????
- ????????????????????
- ??????.?????????
- ??????????????.???????????
- ???????????????????
- ??????????????
- ???????????????
Atmosphere
Boundary Layer Physics
Rain/Snow
Rainfall/Snow
Evapo-transpiration
Evaporation
Land Surface Processes
Ocean
Land Surface
River Runoff/Ice Sheet Melting
Landuse / Human Impact
13????????????????
- ????????????????????????
- ?GCM?General Circulation Model
- ????????????
- GCM????????
- ??AGCM
- ??OGCM ???????AOGCM
- ??????????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????,???????????????
14??????????
- ??????????????????
- 1????????????????
Solar Radiation
Rainfall
Wind
TemperatureAir Pressure
Vapor Transport
Upward Rad. Heat
Black ForcingGreen SettingPurple Response
InterceptionLoss
Setting Veg. TypeSoil TypeRoughnessLandform
etc.
Transpiration
Photosynthesis
- Model type depends on user's interest
Evaporation
Upward Rad. Heat
Infiltration
River Runoff
Soil MoistureChange
15?????????
- GCM??????????????????
- ???????????
- Manabe(1969) "Bucket" Model
- ??????????
- 1980??????,???????????????????????????????????
?????? - ???????????
- SiB2(NASA)
- BATS(?????)
- VIC(D. Lettenmayer)
- SECHIBA(Meteo France)
- MATSIRO(MRI/NIES/????????)
- ?
16?????????LSM
- ?????????
- GCM?LSM????????????????
- ??????????????,??
- ?????,?????????????????????
- ?????????
- GCM????,??????????LSM????
- ????????????
- LSM??????????????????,????????
17LSM????????????
- ???????????????????(????????)??????
- ????????????????????????????
- ?????????????????????????????LAI??????????
??????????????????????? - ?????????????????????????
- ????????????????????????????????
18LSM??
- ????????????????LSM???????????????????
- ?????????????????????????
- ?????LSM???????????????????
- ??????????????,????????????????????
19??LSM
- ????(??????)????
- ??????????
- ??????????
- SiB2?SiB??????,???????????????????.
- ?????,?????????
- (Kim, Agata et al.2001)
20LSM?Output
- ????
- ????????????????????
- ??????????????(Routing)???LSM?????? ? Routing
Model????? - ?????
- ?????????
- ???????,??
- ???????????GCM?????
21????
- ????????????(gridded)???
- ???????
- ?GPCC?,1?????(http//daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIG
N_DOCS/FTP_SITE/INT_DIS/readmes/gpcc.html) - ?????????
- ?GPCPGPCP2?/???????,1?????(http//precip.gsfc.
nasa.gov/ http//orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/arad/g
pcp/) - ??????????
- ?????????????????????
- ECMWF(??),NCEP(??)????????????????
22????????
- GPCP???????http//orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/arad
/gpcp/maps/frontmap.gif
23?????LSM?????
- ?????????????LSM????,?????????????????LSM????????
?GLASS - ????????????????????????????????????ISLSCP
- 1987,1988??????6???,1????????
- 2003??,19861995???????????????ISLSCP2
- ISLSCP??????????LSM??????????????????????????????
GSWP - ????????????
- 2003???ISLSCP2?????GSWP2?????
- GLASS??????ALMA
- ??????????????????????http//hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac
.jp/agata/archive/ALMA/ - ???????????
24GSWP??????LSM?????????
25LSM????????Routing??
- ????????????????????????0.5????
- ???TRIP??(????)
- ???????????
http//hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/taikan/TRIPDATA/
26??????? 0.5??????
????????????????????
27???????? (Oki et al, 1998)
- ??????????????GRDC????????
- ????????????????????????????
- ????????OK.
- ???????????????????
- ISLSCP??????????????
- ?????????????????????????????
28???????????
29???????????
- ?????????,?????????????????????? ?
- ?????????????????????????
- Vorosmarty et al, 2000. Science
- 0.5?????????????
- ???????????????????????????
300.5???????????
- ??????????????
- ?????????????
- ???????????????WRI(???????)??????.???????FAO????
????? - ???????????0.5????????????
310.5???????????1(????,????/Oki, Agata et al. ,
2001)
- ???????CIESIN?2.5????????
320.5???????????2(????,????)
- ??????????????????????0.5????????
??
????
330.5???????????3
- ???????,???Kassel??0.5?????????????????????????
?????
340.5???????????4
35???????????
- ?????W,????????Q,??C???
- ?????????Q/C
- ?????????? W/Q(Rws)
- ?????
36?????????
- ?????????,1700m3/?/????????????????(Falkenmark,
1988) - ????????????????
37??????????
- ???????0.4?????
- ???,??????????????????????????OK???????. ???.
38???????????
- ????????,??????????????????????????????????
???????? - ????????????????????????????????????????????????
- ??????(??????)????????
- ?????????
39????
- ?????2050?
- ?????(2CO2)GCM????????
- ????????
- GDP?????? (????????????)
- ?????????(20????)
40??????
2050?
1995?
41??????????
42??????????(???,2002,2003)
- ???????????70??
- ????????
- ??????????????????????
- ???????????????
- ?????????????????
- ?????????????????????.???????????????????
- ???????
43?????????(???,2002,2003)
- ???????????,??????(??4????)?Smart
Farmer"??????? - ??????????????????EPIC????,??????
- ???Daily
- ????????????????????????????
44???????
- 1987????????????????(0.1?????)
???
45??????????????Virtual Water
- Virtual Water????????????????????????????????????
????????????. - ??????????????
?????,2002.?http//hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
/Info/Press200207/Doc/MiyakeMizuFinal.doc
46????????
- ????????????????????????????????,????????????
????,?????????????????. - ????????
- ???????????????????????????????
- ??????????
- Virtual Water?????????????????????????????? ?
???????
47????????????
48????????
- ????(pseudoscience)????????????,???????????????
????????? - ?????????????????
- ??????????????
- ????????
49??????????
- ????????????
- ?????????????????????,???????????.
- ????????????????????
- ????????????????????????????????????????????.??
????????????????? - ??????
- ?????????,????????????????????????????????????
50??????????
- ?????????
- ???????(????????????)????????????????.??????????
????? - ????
- ???????????????.
- ???,????????????????????????????????????????
51?????????????
- ????????????????????
- ??????????????(??????)
- ????????????????????????
- ???????????????????????
52??????
- ?????????????
- ??????????,?????
- ?????????????????????????????
- ???????????????????????
53Thank You! ????????????