Introductio to: Splanchnology

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Introductio toSplanchnology
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• Composition
• Alimentary system ????
• Respiratory system ????
• Urinary system ????
• Reproductive system ????
• Characters of viscera
• Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic,
  abdominal and pelvis cavities
• All of then communicate with external environment
  through some orifices or channels

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Reference lines of thorax

• Anterior median line
• Sternal line
• Midclavicular line
• Parasternal line
• Anterior axillary line
• Post axillary line
• Midaxillary line
• Scapular line
• Posterior median line

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The abdominal regions

• Nine regions
• Left and right hypochondriac region, epigastric
  region
• L . and R. lateral regions of abdomen, umbilical
  region
• L. and R. inguinal region, pubic region

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• Four quadrants
• Left and right upper quadrants
• Left and right lower quadrants

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The Respiratory System
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Composition

• Respiratory tract
• Nose
• Pharynx upper respiratory tract
• Larynx
• Trachea
• lower respiratory
  tract
• Bronchi
• Lungs-paired organs of respiration
• Function supply the body with oxygen and
  to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting
  from cell metabolism

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The Nose ?

• External nose
• Root of nose
• Back of nose
• Apex of nose
• Alae of nasi
• Nasal cavity divided into two halves by nasal
  septum

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• Two parts
• Divided by limen nasi ??
• Nasal vestibule
• Proper nasal cavity
• Boundaries
• Roof-cribriform plate of ethmoid
• Floor-hard palate
• Medial wall-nasal septum
• Lateral wall
• Nasal conchae superior, middle and inferior
• Nasal meatus superor, middle and inferior
• Sphenoethmoidal recess

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• Remove the middle nasal conchae
• Semilunar hiatus ????
• Ethmoidal infundibulum ???
• Ethmoidal bulla ??

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• Mucous membrane of nose
• Olfactory region?? located upper nasal cavity,
  above superior,nasal conchae,contains olfactory
  cells
• Respiratory region ??? its function is to warm,
  moisten, and clean the inspired air

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The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage
into the nose
Name of sinus Site of drainage
Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal sinuses anterior group middle group posterior group Middle meatus Middle meatus Superior nasal meatus
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The Larynx ?

• Position-situated in the anterior part of the
  neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from
  vertebral level of C4 to C6

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Layngeal cartilages ???

• Thyroid cartilage ????
• Shield-shaped cartilage
• Laryngeal prominence at base of thyroid notch
• Superior thyroid notch, superior and inferior
  cornua
• Cricoid cartilage ????
• Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet
  ring)
• Arch of cricoid cartilage-at level of C6
• Larnina of cricoid cartilage

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• Arytenoid ????
• Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of
  cricoid cartilage
• Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior
  attachment of vocal fold
• Muscular process
• Epiglottic cartilage ???? leaf-shaped elastic
  cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue

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• Laryngeal joints
• cricothyroid joint
• cricoarytenoid joint
• Laryngeal ligaments and membrane
• Thyrohyroid membrane ?????-extending from hyoid
  bone to thyroid cartilage

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• Quadrangular membrane ???
• Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid
  cartilages
• Lower free border forms vestibular ligament ????
• Conus elasticus ????
• Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid
  cartilages
• Upper free border forms vocal ligament ???
• Median cricothyroid ligment ??????may be site of
  circothyrotomy during acute respiratory
  obstruction
• Cricotracheal ligament
  ????????-between cricoid cartilage and first ring
  of trachea

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Muscles of larynx

• Increasing tension on the vocal
  ligament-cricothyroid
• Decreasing tension on the vocal
  ligament-thyroarytenoid
• Opening the glottis-posterior cricoarytenoid
• Closing the glottis- cricoarytenoid

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Laryngeal cavity

• Aperture of larynx ??-bounded by upper border
  epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and
  interarytenoid notch

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• Structure features
• Two pairs of shelf like folds
• Vestibular folds ???
• Vocal folds ??
• Two fissures
• Rima vestibulithe ???
• Fissure of glottis ???
• Inter membranous part??? -anterior 3/5,
  between vocal-folds
• Inter cartilagrnous part ???? -posterior 2/5,
  between arytenoids cartilages

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• Three parts
• Laryngeal vestibule ???
• Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima
  vestibuli
• Tubercle of epiglottis ????
• Intermedial cavity of larynx????
• Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to
  the level of the fissure of glottis
• Ventricle of larynx ?? -a small recess
  between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
• Infraglottic cavity ????
• extends from the level of the vocal folds to the
  lower border of the cricoid cartilage

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The Trachea ??

• Position extends from the lower border of
  cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle
  (between T4-T5 vertebrae) where it divides into
  right and left principal bronchi
• Structure features
• Consists of about 16-20 C-shaped incomplete
  tracheal cartilages for patency connected by
  smooth muscle and connective
• Carina of trachea ???? -ridge of
  cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi

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Bronchi ???

• Right principal bronchus ?????
• Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left ,
  is about 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line of
  the middle line of trachea at 2225o angle
• Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge
  in this bronchus or one of its branches
• Left principal bronchus ?????
• Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the
  right is about 5cm long, leaves the extend line
  of the middle line o trachea at about 3536o angle

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The Lungs ?

• Position located in the thoracic cavity by both
  sides of mediastinum
• General features
• Cone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and
  broader, the left one is longer and narrower
• Apex of lung-rises 2 3 cm above the medial third
  of clavicle into neck
• Base-concave, related to diaphragm, also called
  diaphragmatic surface
• Costal surface-large, convex, related to thoracic
  wall

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• Medial surface-concave, related to mediastinum
  and vertebrae
• Hilum of lung ??area on medial surface where
  structures in root enter or leave lung
• Root of lung ??
• Contents
• Principal bronchus
• Pulmonary artery and vein
• Nerves and lymphatics
• Surrounded by connective tissue
• Order of structures in the root of lung
• From before backward V.A. B.
• From above downward
• R.-B. A. V.
• L.-A. B. V.

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• Borders
• Posterior-blunt
• Inferior- sharp
• Anterior-sharp
• cardiac notch???
• lingual in left lung ????
• Lobes and Fissure
• Right lung
• Two fissures horizontal an oblique
• Three lobes superior, middle, inferior
• Left lung
• One fissure oblique
• Two lobes superior and inferior

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Bronchial tree????

• Each principal bronchus divides into lobar
  bronchi (two on the left, three on the right),
  each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar
  bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi,
  which supply specific segments of the lung.

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Bronchopulmonary segments?????

• Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally
  and the apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten
  in each lung
• Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of
  pulmonary artery
• The veins lie both in and between segments

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The Pleura ??

• General features
• Serous membranes forming closed sacs
• Two layers
• Visceral pleura-adheres to lung, continuous with
  parietal pleura at root of lung
• Parietal pleura-lines the thoracic cavity

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• Two pleural layers continue with each other at
  root of lung forming closed potential
  space-pleural cavity ???
• Contains a small amount pleural fluid
• Subatmospheric pressure in it

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Named parts of parietal pleura

• Cupula of pleura ??? -extends up
  into the neck, over the apex of lung, 23cm above
  the medial third of clavicle
• Costal pleura ??? -lines the
  inner surface of the wall of the chest
• Mediastinal pleura ????
• Lines mediastinum
• Pulmonary ligament ??? -redundant
  pleura at root of lung, which extends downward,
  allows movement of structures forming root of
  lung
• Diaphragmatic pleura ???-Lines diaphragm

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• Pleura recesses ????-potential spaces of pleural
  cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet
  respiration
• Costodiaphragmatic recesse????-are the slit-like
  intervals between costal and diaphragmatic
  pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural
  cavity
• Costomediastinal recess ?????-on the left
  side between the mediastinal pleural and costal
  pleura

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The surface projection of lower border of lung
and pleurae
Lower border Midclavicular lines Midaxillary lines Sides of the vertebral column
Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib
Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 12th rib
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