The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• Chapter 25

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I. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

• Increased output of machine-made goods
• Began in England in 1700s
• Had resources to support it (water power and
  coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors)
• Had all 3 factors of production
• Land
• Labor
• Capital (wealth)
• Spread to Europe and North America
• People wove textiles by hand before the I.R.

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Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution (contd)

• Agricultural Revolution helped jumpstart the I.R.
  
• Wealthy landowners bought more land, called
  enclosures (b/c they put fences around them.)
• Experimented with more productive methods, which
  led to crop rotation rotated crops to restore
  nutrients to the soil.

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Important Inventions

• Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney
• Separated raw cotton from the seeds
• American cotton production went from 1.5 million
  pounds to 85 million pounds

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Important Inventions

• Steam Engine by James Watt
• Invented a much more efficient engine with help
  of entrepreneur (Boulton) organizes, manages,
  and takes on the risks of business
• Led to steam boats and steam powered locomotives
  (trains)

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Important Inventions

• Railroad
• Spurred industrial growth
• Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs
• Boosted agricultural and fishing industries
  (could now transport their products far away)
• Encouraged people to take distant city jobs

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Impacts of Industrialization

• Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and
  non-industrialized countries
• But it strengthened their ties meaning
• --industrialized countries needed raw materials
  for their factories to run (from less developed
  places)
• --saw the non-industrialized countries as markets
  to sell their products
• --leads to imperialism--one countrys rule over
  another land

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Impacts of Industrialization (contd)

• Transformed Society
• Gave Europe tremendous economic power
• Population, health, and wealth eventually rose,
  despite harsh working conditions
• Development of a middle class created better
  education and democratic participation

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II. Rise of Socialism

• Background
• I.R. increased the gap between rich and poor
• Business leaders wanted the govt to stay out of
  business affairs
• Reformers thought govt should play an active
  role to improve conditions
• Workers wanted more rights and protection

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Philosophers of Industrialization

• Laissez faire economic policy of letting owners
  of industry and business set working conditions
  without interference (hands off let do
  policy)
• Adam Smith
• Defended the idea of free economy
• The Wealth of Nations economic liberty guaranteed
  economic progress

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Philosophers of Industrialization

• Smith and others laid the foundation for
  Capitalism economic system where the factors of
  production (land, labor, capital) are privately
  owned and money is invested in business ventures
  to make a profit

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Rise of Socialism

• In contrast to laissez-faire, others believed
  governments should intervene in business
• Socialism factors of production are owned by the
  public and operate for the welfare of all.

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Rise of Socialism (contd)

• Karl Marx
• The Communist Manifesto book outlining his
  radical ideas of Socialism (communism)
• A form of complete socialism in which the means
  of production would be owned by the people (all
  goods and services would be shared equally.)

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Reform Movement

• The gap b/t rich and poor failed to widen like
  Marx predicted because of reforms set by the
  govts.
• Workers joined unions voluntary labor
  associations
• Unions went on strike refusal to work to get
  better working conditions/wages

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Reform Movement (contd)

• Reform laws created
• Child labor laws
• Women labor laws
• Britain abolished slavery in 1825 U.S. in 1865
• Free public education

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U.S. Civil War and Expansion

• Ch. 26 Section 3

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IV. U.S. Civil War

• Background
• 1803 Thomas Jefferson bought Louisiana Purchase
  from Napoleon. (doubled the size of the U.S.)
• 1819 Spain gave up Florida
• 1846 Great Britain gave part of the Oregon
  Territory to the U.S.

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U.S. Civil War (contd)

• 1836 Texans revolted from Mexico and won
  independence
• 1845 Texas annexed by U.S. (Mexico still claimed
  Texas so U.S. and Mexico fought the
  Mexican-American War)
• 1853 Gadsden Purchase U.S. got its modern day
  boundaries
• Led to Manifest Destiny the idea that the U.S.
  had the right and duty to rule North America from
  the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
• Helped justify kicking Native Americans off of
  their lands

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Civil War Begins

• All the new territory led to conflicts on whether
  the new land should enter the Union as Free or
  Slave states.
• This separated the North and South
• North farms and industry relied on mostly free
  workers
• South Farms (cotton) relied mostly on slaves

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Civil War Begins

• 1860-Abraham Lincoln elected president.
• South really angry and secedes withdrew from the
  union
• April 12, 1861 Confederates fired on Fort Sumter
  and the Civil War began
• North won in April 1865 due mostly to a larger
  population, better transportation and resources,
  and more factories

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Civil War (contd)

• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by
  President Lincoln declared all slaves in the
  states of rebellion to be free.
• 13th Amendment passed after the war abolished
  slavery in the U.S.
• Reconstruction 1865-1877 Union troops occupied
  the south to enforce constitutional policies

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Post-Civil War

• Civil War sped economy greatly, by 1914 the U.S.
  was a major industrial power.
• Immigration grew rapidly by 1914 20 million had
  moved from Europe and Asia
• Leads to transcontinental
• railroad and other important
• inventions.

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19th Century Inventions

• Ch. 26 Section 4

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V. 19th Century Inventions

• Thomas Edison light bulb, phonograph
• Alexander Graham Bell telephone
• Henry Ford
• Assembly line line of workers
• who each put a single piece
• on unfinished cars as they
• passed on a moving belt
• Wright Brothers airplane

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19th Century Inventions (contd)

• Germ Theory of Disease
• Led to pasteurization
• Sterilization in hospitals
• Plumbing and sewage systems
• Vaccines for typhus, typhoid fever, yellow fever,
  etc.

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19th Century Inventions (contd)

• Charles Darwin
• Theory of Evolution idea of change through
  natural selection everything evolved from
  earlier living forms
• John Dalton atoms
• Dmitri Mendeleev periodic table
• Marie Curie radioactivity- energy

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The Age of Imperialism

• Chapter 27

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VI. The Scramble for Africa

• Imperialism the seizure of a country or
  territory by a stronger country
• Africa before Imperialism
• 100s of languages and ethnic groups
• Mostly traditional beliefs (some Muslim and
  Christian influence)
• Some empires and some villages

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The Scramble for Africa

• Forces that drove Imperialism
• European Superiority Were more civilized than
  they are.
• Nationalism Pride in your country, and its
  accomplishments
• Social Darwinism Survival of the Fittest
• Missionary work to save the heathens

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Imperialistic Countries from Europe in African
Areas
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(No Transcript)
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British Imperialism in India

• Britain began to colonize in India in the 1600s
• Why colonize in India?
• Because of the potential economic impact that it
  could have for the Europeans (it would make them
  even richer!)
• Britain considered India the Jewel in the crown
  of their expansion efforts.

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British Imperialism in India

• Positives
• Built Railroads
• Built roads
• Built Hospitals
• Built dams, bridges, and irrigation
• Sanitation a public health improved
• Schools and colleges were built, so literacy
  improved
• Cleared India of bandits and thieves

• Negatives
• British held most of the political and economic
  power
• British were racists
• Famine caused because Indians were reliant on
  cash-crops instead of food crops
• Revolts lead to persecution and death

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British Imperialism in India

• Indians became more demanding for their rights.
  They hated the fact that the British were there.
• Sepoy Mutiny
• Nationalism grew for the Indians

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Imperialism in Southeast Asia

• Who was involved in Southeast Asia?
• Dutch
• Portuguese
• British
• French
• United States
• Results Typical improvements to the countries
  colonized, and typical resentment for intruding.

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Summary of Imperialism
IMPERIALISM

• CAUSES
• Nationalism
• Economic Competition
• Missionary Spirit

DEFINITION the seizure of a country or territory
by a stronger country

• EFFECTS
• Colonization
• Economic Expansion
• Christianization

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VII. China and Japan

• Chapter 28

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China

• Opium War
• Chinese were addicted to Opium (which the British
  smuggled into China)
• Sea Battles British won (of course)
• Acquired Hong Kong
• Extraterritorial rights (foreigners were not
  subject to Chinese law in their ports)

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Changes in China

• Disagreement over modernization
• Empress Cixi (tso-shee)- Self-strengthening
  Movement
• updated Chinas education and military systems
• built few factories
• USA feared China would be colonized so it
  declared the Open Door Policy China would be open
  to all merchants