Chinese Nationalism

1
Chinese Nationalism

• Mao Zedong

2
China

• When last we left China they were
• In the mist of World War II.
• The Japanese had invaded China.
• Things did not look good for China!

3
China

• Remember prior to 1790s China rejected western
  influence.
• China was self-sufficient and did not need
  anything from the west.

4
China

• However.
• The West wanted what China had Tea
• The British tried to force their way in and used
• opium to control China.
• Soon Chinese were addicted to opium and the
  Chinese Govt did not like it.

5
China

• China wanted the British out.
• The British wanted what China had and this lead
  to the Opium Wars.
• China loses and Britain has a sphere of influence
  with trade in China.

6
China

• The U.S. becomes involved and wants to opening up
  trading in China for all countries.
• The U.S. started the Open Door Policy.
• It kept China from being colonized and gave the
  U.S. rights to trade with China.
• HOWEVER.

7
China

• The Chinese did not like the foreigners involved
  in China.
• This lead to the Boxer Rebellion.
• The Boxers tried to expel the foreign nations.
• However this failed!

8
China

• By 1911 the students workers and warlords over
  threw the Chinese monarchy and China became a
  republic.

9
Sun Yixian

• In 1912 Sun Yixian and the Nationalist Party
  overthrows the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.
• Sun becomes President of the new Republic of
  China
• Sun bases his government on three principles
• Nationalism-end to foregin domination
• Democracy-peoples right to govern
• Economics-economic security for all people.

10
Sun and the New Government

• Sun lacked military support and turned his
  government over to Yuan Shikai.
• Yuan becomes a dictator and kills the ideals of
  democracy for China.
• There was chaos in China
• Peasants were the victims of attacks
• Famine
• Civil War
• Lack of a strong ruling government
• And at the end of WWI the Treaty of Versailles
  gave Japan land in China instead of returning
  national control back to China.

11
Sun and the Chaos

• In 1919 Sun moves away from western ideas.
• On May 4th 1919 the new Communist party boycotts
  and protest against Japanese control of China.
  (The May Fourth Movement)
• In 1923 Lenin and the Communist begin to support
  Sun
• Lenin sends military advisors
• Sun begins plans to develop China the same as
  Lenin has begun to develop Russia.
• Sun wants to united the Nationalistic Party and
  the Communist under one common goal-Revolution
  for an independent China
• However just like in Russia with Lenin dying at
  the start of the Revolution, In 1925 Sun also
  dies at the start of the revolution.

12
China

• In the 1920s Jiang Jieshi or Chiang Kai-shek
  took over the Nationalist Party or the
  Guomindang.
• The Communist also wanted to take over the
  government.
• Oh No sounds like a Civil War!

13
The Long March

• Mao Zedong
• Becomes the leader of the Communist in China.
• In the 1930s he flees the Nationalist Government
  with 100,000 followers in 1934.
• This was known as the Long March.

14
The Long March

• The marchers traveled 6,000 miles.
• They ended up in Northern China.
• Only about 20,000 survived.
• The Communist began battling the nationalist for
  power of China
• UNTIL.

15
Chinese Nationalism

• Mao Zedong

16
World War Two
17
China

• This brings us back to China and World War Two.
• Japan invades China.
• China fights on the side of the allies
  (U.S./Britain/France and the Soviet Union)
• China suffers heavy losses during the war.
• Millions dead, cities destroyed

18
China

• Prior to the invasion of China in 1937 by the
  Japanese China was fighting a civil war.
• After the WWII ended the civil war resumed.
• So who were the sides fighting the civil war?

19
Chinese Civil War

• Communist
• Mao Zedong
• Won support of the peasants through land reforms
  and education.
• Supported by the Soviet Union.

• Nationalist
• Jiang Jieshi or Chiang Kai-shek
• Corrupt government/Did little to improve the
  economy.
• Supported by the U.S.

20
Chinese Civil War

• The Civil War lasted from 1945 to 1949.
• At first the Nationalist had a larger army.
• However, the Nationalist lost the support of the
  people.
• By 1949 many Nationalist went over to the
  Communist.
• In 1949 the Communist won control of China.

Winner Mao
Loser Kai-shek
21
Chinese Civil War

• Why the Communist Won
• Mao won
• support of the large Chinese peasant population
• Women by rejecting inequalities of traditional
  Chinese culture
• Because the Communist army was better at
  guerrilla warfare
• The Nationalist govt was corrupt
• Because Mao was going to drive out the
  foreigners.
• But what happened to the Nationalist???

22
Taiwan

• When the Nationalist lost the civil war they fled
  to the island of Taiwan.
• There they set up a democratic government called
  the Republic of China.
• They were supported by the western nations (U.S.)
  during the Cold War.

23
Communist China and Mao

• After the Communist took over China they re-named
  it
• The Peoples Republic of China (PRC).

24
Maos Goals
To Industrial
Go from Agriculture
Increase Literacy
Provide health care to rural areas
Eliminate Landlord and Business classes
This Mao sounds like a great guy! But wait
25
Mao the Dictator

• Mao sets up a dictatorship and a one party system
  of government.
• Mao denies basic human rights.

26
Mao

• When we last left Mao

27
Mao

• He and the Communist had taken over China.
• The Nationalist had fled to Taiwan.
• He was creating reforms by educating, giving land
  to and health care to the peasants.
• He changes the roles of women.
• He set up a one party, dictatorship.
• He had social, political and economic problems to
  fix.

28
Women

• Prior to Mao women in China were seen as inferior
  to men.
• Under Mao women
• Won equality
• Were expected to work side by side with men in
  factories and on farms.
• However
• They did not get full equality.
• Were not paid the same wages for work.
• Could not hold high ranking positions.

29
Mao the Dictator

• Mao set up the national government and was seen
  as head of state.
• Mao also set up the Communist Party as the only
  political party. Mao was the chairman of the
  party.

30
Maos Socialism

• 80 of China was agriculture
• Problem because for Marxism to work must be
  industrialized.
• 10 of the population owned 70 of the land.
• Problem because the landlord controlled the land
  and wealth while the peasants remained poor.
• Maos solution.

31
Maos Socialism

• Take the land away from the landlords.
• Kill 1 million landlords who resist.
• Divide the land among the peasants.
• Ok, so the peasants are happy or are they???

32
Maos Socialism

• Mao forces the peasants to join collective farms.
• 200 households farm the land.
• The peasants like it!

33
Maos Socialism

• Mao also nationalizes or has government take
  control of all businesses.
• Mao tries 5-year plans.
• The plan works and coal, cement, electricity
  doubled.
• Steel quadruples.
• It works!

34
Communist China
35
Mao

• So the collective farming and 5-year plans work
• What will Mao think of next?

36
The Great Leap Forward

• In 1958 Mao wants to further increase
  agricultural and industrial output.

37
The Great Leap Forward

• Agriculture
• Mao creates large collective farms called
  communes.
• Life on communes is strictly controlled.
• People live in common dorms, eat in common dining
  rooms, and own no property.
• Each commune had a high quota to reach for
  production.

38
The Great Leap Forward

• Many hate the communes.
• The workers receive no pay for their labor.
• Only the state prospers.
• No incentive to work for the state.
• Agricultural output declined.
• Further between 1958 and 1961 crop failures cause
  a famine which kills 20 million people.

39
The Great Leap Forward

• Industrial
• People also lived in communes.
• Had high quotas.
• Commune based industry turns out poorly made
  goods.

40
The Great Leap Forward

• It is a failure.
• The program last from 1958 to 1961.

41
Other Problems

• China disputes boards with the Soviet Union and
  they have a falling out.
• The Soviets stop sending aid to China.
• China believes that their form of communism is
  better than the Soviets which leads to more
  problems.
• Mao feels the revolution is dying!

42
The Cultural Revolution

• In 1966 Mao wants to renew the peoples loyalty
  in the revolution and communism.
• Mao also fears the intellectuals are running the
  country and not the peasants.
• Who is really running the country?

43
The Cultural Revolution

• Mao shuts down the schools and universities in
  China.
• Mao forms the Red Guards

44
The Cultural Revolution

• The Red Guards
• These are students, the young.
• They attack the professors, government workers,
  factory managers, and either exile or execute
  them.
• (Sounds like Stalins Purges)

45
The Cultural Revolution

• There is chaos in China.
• The country is divided.
• There is almost a civil war.
• In 1976 Mao stops the revolution and gets rid of
  the Red Guards.
• Most of the artistic and intellectual community
  is wiped out in China.

46
Mao

• The Little Red Book
• A series of quotes by Mao on how China should
  run.
• Known as the bible of Communist China.
• Used by the Red Guard to create a cult for Mao
  and Mao was seen as god-like
• The quotes were often unclear, and did not follow
  any pattern and after the Cultural Revolution the
  book was used less often.

47
Quotes for The Little Red Book

• All reactionaries are paper tigers. In
  appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying, but
  in reality they are not so powerful. From a
  long-term point of view, it is not the
  reactionaries but the people who are really
  powerful.
• "Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is
  politics with bloodshed."
• "We shall support whatever the enemy opposes and
  oppose whatever the enemy supports."
• "Our principle is that the Party commands the gun
  and the gun will never be allowed to command the
  Party."
• "Learn from the masses and then teach them."

48
China

• In 1971 the Peoples Republic of China is
  admitted into the U.N.
• In 1972 President Nixon opens relations with
  China.
• In 1979 the U.S. recognizes the Peoples Republic
  of China.

49
Oh, for a man who killed 30 million people you
dont look so bad now.
50
Mao

• In 1976 Mao dies.
• Deng Xiaoping takes control.
• Deng has brought economic freedom but not
  political freedom to China.

51
Economic Reforms

• To make China modern
• Promoted foreign trade with the west
• Created the Four Modernizations
• Farming-modernize and mechanized.
• Industry-upgrade and expand.
• Science and technology were promoted.
• Defense-military forces were improved.

52
Economic Reforms

• Ended the unpopular communes.
• Land lease to farmers.
• Farmers had a say in what they grew.
• Farmers could make some profit.
• Some private businesses could operate.

53
Economic Reforms

• Positives
• Economy grew.
• Higher standard of living.
• Foreign trade and relations improve.

• Negatives
• Crime and corruption grew.
• The gap between the rich and poor grew.

54
Human Rights Violations

• China will not give political freedoms
• China has been known for human rights violations.
• Chinas violations of human rights has strained
  relations with western nations and the United
  States.
• Tiananmen Square

55
Economic Reforms

• Ended the unpopular communes.
• Land lease to farmers.
• Farmers had a say in what they grew.
• Farmers could make some profit.
• Some private businesses could operate.

56
Economic Reforms

• Positives
• Economy grew.
• Higher standard of living.
• Foreign trade and relations improve.

• Negatives
• Crime and corruption grew.
• The gap between the rich and poor grew.

57
Human Rights Violations

• China will not give political freedoms
• China has been known for human rights violations.
• Chinas violations of human rights has strained
  relations with western nations and the United
  States.
• Tiananmen Square

58
Human Rights Violations

• Tiananmen Square
• 1989 demonstrators in Beijing wanted more rights
  and freedoms.
• The govt used tanks and and troops on the
  demonstrators.
• Thousands were killed.
• The Chinese govt showed that they were in
  control and would offer no political freedoms.