Time-Modulation of Two-Body Weak Decays with Massive Neutrinos

1
Time-Modulation of Two-Body Weak Decays with
Massive Neutrinos

• P. Kienle
• Excellence Cluster Universe Technische
  Universität München

Sunshine by Cooling P. Kienle,
Naturwissenschaften 88 (2001) 313
2
Time-Dependence of 2-Body EC- and ßb-Decays with
Mono-Energetic Neutrinos and Anti-Neutrinos
observed in a Storage Ring
M.Jung et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992)2164
Yu.A.Litvinov et al. Phys.Rev. Lett. 99 (2007)
262501
?
3
Production Separation of H-like Nuclei
400MeV/u bunched 140Pr58, 142Pm60 , 122I52 H-
like ions
In-Flight separation of projectile fragments
0.5µs bunched 500 MeV/u 152Sm beam on a 1 g/cm²
Be target
Cocktail of isotopic beams
Mono-isotopic beam -gtdegrader (dE/dx Z²)
followed by magnetic analysis, injection delay
0.5?s
Bare 90 H 10 He 0.3
4
The Experimental Storage Ring ESRsince 1990 at
GSI Darmstadt, C 108m, B? 10 Tm, vacuum 10-11
mb
5
Stochastic and Electron Cooling in the ESR
Fast stochastic pre-cooling _at_ E 400 MeV/u of few
fragments followed by precision electron cooling
6
"Phase Transition" to String Order
J.P. Schiffer, P. KienleCould there be an
Ordered Condensed State in Beams of Fully
Stripped Heavy Ions? Z. Phys. A321 (1985) 181
?v/v ? 0 signal/ noise high
M. Steck et al., PRL 77 (1996) 3803
7
Time Resolved Schottky Mass Spectroscopy for EC
and ßb Decays
?q 0 for EC, ßb decay ?f ? -?m Q
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Single Ion, Time-Resolved EC-Decay Mass
Spectroscopy
t 0 injection time
1.. Observation of single ion
6s cooling time
2. Parent/daughter correlation
3. Detection of all EC decays
4. Delay between decay and "appearance"
?cooling
5. 140Pr ER 44 eV Delay Td (900 300)
msec 142Pm ER 90 eV Delay Td (1400
400) msec Note Time delay Td causes phase
delay of modulation ? (Td/T)x2?
Electron neutrino ?e is created at time t -gt
quantum-entangled with the daughter nucleus,
revealing the mass-properties of ?e
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EC-Modulation Spectra of 140Pr, 142Pm, 122I
Yu.A. Litvinov et al., Physics Letters B 664
(2008) 162
T7.06(8)s a0.18(3)
T7.10(22)s a0.22(3)
T6.13(3) s a0.16(2)
Preliminary
Preliminary
preliminary
122I
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Time Spectrum of the ß Branch of 142Pm
a(?)
a(?0.9 s-1) 0.03(3)
Preliminary
Preliminary
Time following the injection in the ESR t in s
Modulation amplitude a(?) with ? in s-1
The ß branch of 142Pm, three times stronger than
the EC branch and simultaneously observed with a
modulation frequency ? 0.90 s-1 and an
amplitude a 0.18(5), shows a vanishing small
modulation amplitude a 0.03(3)
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Towards Understanding of the Time- Modulation of
the EC Decay

• ? The two-body EC branches of 140Pr and 142Pm
  show modulation in contrast to the dominant
  3-body ß decay branch of 142Pm(preliminary)
• This excludes various experimental sources and
  quantum beats of the mother state ( proposed by
  Giunti, and Lindner et al.)
• It is direct evidence that the modulation
  originates from the weak transition to the
  two-body final state. From detection of daughter?
  mass properties of the entangled neutrino (Ivanov
  et al, PRL 101, 18250 (2008) )
• 1/A-scaling of beat frequency ? of daughter ions
  reflects their recoil energy difference produced
  by neutrinos with masses m1 and m2

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Neutrino Quantum Beat Analogy
??1?? m1 ??2?? m2
?
From energy and momentum conservation in both
decay channels ?1gt, ?2gt
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Time Differential Observation of the
decayCriterion for Neutrino Quantum Beats
?
Asymptotic observation 2 Lorentz lines
?12 45?
Time differential observation of daughter with
time resolution ?d introduces an energy
uncertainty ?Ed in the observation of dgt. For
?Ed ?? E2-E1, the two decay paths are
indistinguishable ? interference
?
decay width ?
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The transition amplitude of the EC decay m ? d
?e is given by the sum of the amplitudes A (m ?
d ?j) (t), with the coefficient Uej taking into
account that only electron neutrinos ?e
contribute to the transition amplitude. Assuming
?13 0 with only two neutrino mass Eigen-states.
Ue1 cos?12, and Ue2 sin?12
In time dependent perturbation theory the partial
amplitude A (m ? d ?j) (t), is defined in the
rest frame of the mother ion m by
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Incoherent and Coherent Contributions to the
Transition Rates
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Time Modulated EC Decay Rate in Moving Laboratory
Frame (? 1.43)
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Experimental Values of ?m²
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Small or Large Modulation Amplitudes?

• The observed modulation amplitudes are a
  018?0.03(140Pr) a 0.22?0.03(142Pm), a
  0.16?0.02(122I) (prel.) and thus equal within
  errors.
• ltagt 0.19?0.02 . With a sin 2? a small mixing
  angle ? 5.5o compared with ? 34o from sun
  neutrinos is resulting
• Reduction of the modulation amplitude?
• Loss of phase relation by F3/2-gt1/2 transition?
• Measurement of He-like systems is essential
• Cancellation of the interference terms results in
  a 0, when all neutrino flavours contribute to
  the transition amplitude and the flavour mixing
  matrix is unitary, as it is assumed in standard
  theory.

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Cancellation of the Interference Terms in using
Orthogonal Neutrino Flavour Wave Functions (A.
Gal, arXiv0809.1213v4 nucl-th
In case that the neutrinos are not observed all
flavours a e, µ ,t contribute to the decay
amplitude
Interference terms cancel due to unitarity of
mixing matrix
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Experiments for Solving the Problems

• Decay of He-like 142Pm59 for testing the
  influence of the F3/2 hyperfine state ? ongoing
  experiment
• ß decay of H/He-like 142Pm with an improvemet
  of 3 ?1 limit of the modulation amplitude a ?
  ongoing experiment
• Search for ?1??3 modulation with ?13 10x?12
  and a13 0.1xa12 using improved time resolution
• Measure B-field dependence of the modulation
  period for magnetic moment of neutrino search
  (Gal). Preliminary data of 122I taken at 3
  different B-field show no change of ?, only
  A-dependence.
• Compare EC- and ßb- modulation of 108Ag (?,?) for
  CPT test branching ratios of (2-3) !!!

?
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Use of Resonance Pick up improves S/N by factor
100 and ?t
32 ms
142 59
142 59
Nd
Pm
New resonator cavity (2010) 124th harmonic
the same decay improvement by a factor of about
100 and ?t 32ms
142 59
Pm
142 59
Old Schottky pickup (1992) 30th harmonic
Nd
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Cooling of a Daughter Ion with Reduced Recoil
Energy
32 ms / channel
t?
daughter
mother
daughter
decay
mother
Time (32ms / channel) ?
Frequency (31.25 Hz /channel)?
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Cooling of a Daughter Ion with Enhanced Recoil
Energy
t?
daughter
mother
daughter
mother
Time ?
Frequency ?
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Two EC Decaying Mothers
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Conclusion

• We have developed an efficient,
• new method for the study of
• neutrino masses using quantum entanglement in
  two body weak decays, thus avoiding the
  inefficient direct detection of the neutrinos.
  The interfering recoil ions show the neutrino
  mass difference.
• Time modulation of EC decays of H- like ions of
  140Pr, 142Pm and 122I (preliminary) were observed
  as neutrino quantum beats in the ESR storage
  ring, and no modulation of the ß branch of 142Pm
  (preliminary).
• Yet in standard weak interaction theory with
  massive neutrinos and unitary flavour mixing
  matrix, the interference terms from different
  flavours cancel and no modulation is expected.
  Thus the appearance of the modulation is direct
  evidence for a non-unitary flavour mixing matrix
  ? new physics.

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Two Body Weak Decay Collaboration
F. Attallah, , F. Bosch, D. Boutin, C. Brandau,
P. Bühler, L. Chen, H. Essel, B. Fabian, Th.
Faestermann, H. Geissel, V. Ivanova, P. Kienle,
Ch.Kozhuharov, R. Knöbel, J. Kurcewicz, S.A.
Litvinov, Yu.A. Litvinov, Z. Liu,, L. Maier, J.
Marton F. Nolden, Yu.N. Novikov, T. Ohtsubo,
Ch. Scheidenberger, M. Steck, Th. Stöhlker, B.
Sun, T. Suzuki, P.M. Walker, H. Weick, N.
Winckler, T. Yamaguchi, J Zmeskal
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Thank you !
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For discussion
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Wave Functions of Daughter Ions in the Time
Differential Observation
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Neutrino Mass from Darmstadt Oscillations A.N.
Ivanov, E.L. Kryshen, M. Pitschmann and P.Kienle
arXiv 0804 1311 (nucl-th)
Vacuum polarisation by L-W loop
140Ce, Z58
?m2(r)
?m1(r)
Similar mass corrections expected for
antineutrinos from fission products but opposite
sign (mass increase)
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Modulation of the 140Pr58 EC-DecayTime
differential observation ?d 0.32s introduces
?E 1.2x10-14eV
Yu.A. Litvinov et al., Physics Letters B 664
(2008) 162
T (7.06? 0.08)s ?E 8.6x10-16 eV a (0.18? 0.03)
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Modulation of the 142Pm60 EC-DecayYu.A.
Litvinov et al., Physics Letters B 664 (2008) 162
?² as function of ? fit
T (7.10 ? 0.22)s ?E 8.6x10-16 eV a (0.22 ?
0.03)
?²
? Hz
No change of the period T despite change of
neutrino energy

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Modulation of 122I52 EC DecayTest of A/Z
scaling of modulation periodN. Winkler et al GSI
Annual Report 2009
Preliminary
Preliminary
Modulation period T 6.13(3) s Amplitude a
0.16(3) Period T scales with M
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New KamLAND Results PRL 100, 221803 (2008)
? EC
Difference to EC neutrino ?m²(KL)0.759(21)x10-4
eV² ?m²(EC)2.9x?m²(KamLAND) Small amplitude
problem ?!?