Let

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Lets start by looking at a system
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• Microprocessor (µp)
• This is the device that you buy just an
  integrated circuit as in Figure 1.6. On its own,
  without a surrounding circuit and applied
  voltages it is quite useless. It will just lie on
  your workbench staring back at you.
• Microprocessor-based system
• This is any system that contains a
  microprocessor, and does not necessarily have
  anything to do with computing. In fact, despite
  all the hype, computers use only a small
  proportion of all the microprocessors
  manufactured.
• Our garage door opening system is a
  microprocessor-based system or is sometimes
  called a microprocessorcontrolled system.

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• Microcomputer
• The particular microprocessor-based systems that
  happen to be used as a computer are called
  microcomputers. The additional circuits required
  for a computer can be built into the same
  integrated circuit giving rise to a single chip
  microcomputer.
• Microcontroller
• This is a complete microprocessor-based control
  system built onto a single chip. It is small and
  convenient but doesnt do anything that could not
  be done with a microprocessor and a few
  additional components.

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• MPU and CPU
• An MPU is a MicroProcessor Unit or
  microprocessor.
• A CPU is a Central Processing Unit. This is the
  central brain of a computer and Introduction to
  Microprocessors and Microcontrollers can be
  (usually is) made from one or more
  microprocessors.
• The IBM design for the Blue Gene supercomputer
  includes a million processors!
• Remember
• MPU is the thing
• CPU is the job

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Microprocessor (MPU)

• A group of electronic circuits fabricated on a
  semiconductor chip that can read binary
  instructions written in memory and process binary
  data according to those instructions
• CPU and MPU

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Bits, bytes and other things

• Nibble
• A group of four bits handled as a single lump. It
  is half a byte.
• Byte
• A byte is simply a collection of 8 bits. Whether
  they are ones or zeros or what their purpose is
  does not matter.

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• Word
• A number of bits can be collected together to
  form a word. Unlike a byte, a word does not
  have a fixed number of bits in it. The length of
  the word or the number of bits in the word
  depends on the microprocessor being used.

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• Long word
• In some microprocessors where a word is taken to
  mean say 16 bits, a long word would mean a group
  of twice the normal length, in this case 32 bits.

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• Kilobyte (Kb or KB or kbyte)
• A kilobyte is 1024 or 210 bytes. In normal use,
  kilo means 1000 so a kilovolt or kV is exactly
  1000 volts. In the binary system, the nearest
  column value to 1000 is 1024 since 29 512 and
  210 1024.

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• The difference between 1000 and 1024 is fairly
  slight when we have only 1 or 2 kB and the
  difference is easily ignored. However, as the
  numbers increase, so does the difference. The
  actual number of bytes in 42 kB is actually 43
  008 bytes (42 1024).

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• Megabyte (MB or Mb)
• This is a kilokilobyte or 1024 1024 bytes.
  Numerically this is 220 or 1 048 576 bytes. Be
  careful not to confuse this with mega as in
  megavolts (MV) which is exactly one million (106).

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• Gigabyte (Gb)
• This is 1024 megabytes which is 230 or 1 073 741
  824 bytes. In general engineering, giga means one
  thousand million (109).
• Terabyte (TB or Tb)
• Terabyte is a megamegabyte or 240 or 1 099 511
  600 000 bytes (Tera 1012).

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• Petabyte (PB or Pb)
• This is a thousand (or 1024) times larger than
  the Terabyte so it is 1015 in round numbers or
  240 which is pretty big. If you are really
  interested, you can multiply it out yourself by
  multiplying the TB figure by 1024.

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