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The Foundations of Rome

• Preview
• Starting Points Map Italy and the Mediterranean
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Roman Civilization Develops
• Quick Facts Etruscan Influences
• Rome Becomes a Republic
• Quick Facts Checks and Balances in the Roman
  Government
• The Republic Expands
• Faces of History Two Commanders of the Punic Wars

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The Foundations of Rome
Main Idea From a small town on the banks of an
Italian river, Rome grew to control the entire
Mediterranean region.

• Reading Focus
• Where and how did Roman civilization develop?
• What led to Romes becoming a republic?
• What were the major events in Romes expansion?

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Roman Civilization Develops
All roads lead to Rome. Rome was not built in
a day. When in Rome . . . How did Rome win
such a place in modern popular culture?
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The Etruscans

• Rome first ruled by Latin Kings
• Came under Etruscan rule, 600 BC
• Etruscans came from northern Italy
• Evidence found at cemeteries indicates Etruscans
  great metalworkers, jewelers
• Etruscan culture heavily influenced by Greeks
• Etruscans had great influence on Roman society

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Summarize What advantages did Romes location
give the city?
Answer(s) protected by mountains sea provided
protection and transportation had rich soil,
pleasant climate located on major trade routes
Tiber River provided easy access to the sea
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Rome Becomes a Republic

• Etruscan Rule Ends
• Etruscans ruled Rome until about 509 BC
• Romans revolted, threw out last of kings, setup
  new type of government
• Republicelected officials governed state

• Patricians
• In early days, heads of a few aristocratic
  families, patricians, elected officials
• Patrician families controlled all
  societypolitics, religion, economics, military
• Maintained power through patronage system

• Plebeians
• From beginning, common people, plebeians,
  challenged patricians for power
• Invaders threatened 494 BC plebeians refused to
  fight until changes made
• Patricians knew they would have no army, expanded
  plebeian rights

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• Plebeian Council
• After receiving new rights, plebeians formed own
  assembly, Plebeian Council, to oversee affairs
  and protect interests
• Gained right to elect officials known as tribunes
• Tribunes jobprotect against unjust treatment by
  patrician officials
• Gained right to vetoban laws that seemed
  harmful, unjust

• Laws
• 450 BC, plebeians forced patricians to have all
  laws written down
• Laws displayed in Roman Forum, central square, on
  12 large bronze tablets
• Because laws were posted, patrician judges could
  not make decisions based on own opinions or
  secret laws
• One new law banned marriage between patricians
  and plebeians

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Republican Government
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Governing Details

• Consuls
• When last king thrown out, his place taken by two
  magistrates called consuls
• Elected for one year chief executives, army
  commanders

• Censors
• Next most important after consuls
• Recorded wealth, residence of population
• Filled vacancies in Senate

• Praetors
• Primarily judges, could act for consuls if
  consuls away at war
• After terms ended, given military commands,
  appointed provisional governors

• Constraints
• Government worked well because of system of
  checks, balances
• Each part could impose certain constraints on
  others

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Life in the Republic
During the days of the Roman Republic, Rome was a
thriving and vibrant city. At its heart was the
Forum, the public square and site of the most
important government buildings and temples.
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Agrarian Roots

• Despite bustling nature of city, Romans prided
  themselves on connection with soil
• Farming, landownership the noblest ways to make
  money
• Senators forbidden to participate in any career
  that did not involve land, could not engage in
  commerce

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Draw Conclusions Why do you think the Romans
established a republic?
Answer(s) possible answerThey wanted a system
of laws to keep peace within their expanding
empire.
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The Republic Expands

• Growth
• As Romes government changed, the Roman
  population continued to grow
• Rome needed more land for expanding population
• Began to settle surplus population on land
  acquired by conquering neighbors

• Military Might
• Successful expansion not possible without
  powerful army
• All Roman men between ages 17 and 46 with minimum
  amount of property required to serve in army
  during times of war

• Roman Army
• Organized into units called legions, backbone of
  which were centurions
• Centurions noncommissioned officers who each
  commanded 100 men
• Army highly disciplined, well-trained force,
  could fight in all types of terrain

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• The Conquest of Italy
• 265 BC, Romans had defeated Etruscans and Greek
  cities in Southern Italy
• Romans imposed two strict conditions on subject
  peoplesubjects had to provide troops for Roman
  army, abandon any dealings with foreign nations
• Other than those conditions, Rome rarely
  interfered with domestic affairs of people it
  conquered

• Sicily
• Once in control of Italy, Rome turned attention
  to Sicily, large island to south of Italian
  Peninsula
• In Sicily, Rome came into conflict with Carthage,
  powerful North African trading city
• Conflict grew into series of three wars
• Punic Wars raged for nearly 80 years

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The Punic Wars
Violence between Rome and Carthage broke out in
264 BC. Because the First Punic War was fought
mostly at sea, Carthages powerful navy dominated
the early fighting. Soon, however, the Romans
built a navy of their own and were able to defeat
Carthage.
The Romans had defeated Carthage, but it did not
destroy the city as many citizens had wanted.
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Carthage Falls

• Huge losses of Second Punic War remained in
  memories of many Romans
• 149 BC Rome decided to destroy old enemy once and
  for all
• Declared war on Carthage for third time
• After siege of three years, Carthage fell
• Romans enslaved entire population, completely
  destroyed city
• They banned any people from living there

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The Conquest of Greece

• Punic Wars raged in western republic Rome
  involved in politics of eastern Mediterranean
• Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedonia, Persia, and
  Egypt fought constantly Greek city-states feared
  being conquered
• City-states sought alliance with Rome

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Sequence How did Rome come to dominate the
Mediterranean world?
Answer(s) by conquering its Mediterranean
neighbors, including Carthage and Greece