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Title: Five World Religions


1
Five World Religions
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(No Transcript)
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Hinduism
2500 250 BC
  • The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved
    over a long time in India, giving rise to a
    variety of beliefs and practices and to other
    religions, including Buddhism.
  • One of the oldest religions of humanity, founded
    in 1500 BCE or earlier.
  • It is the 3rd largest religion in the world.
  • No particular founder

Brahman
4
What do Hindus believe?
2500 250 BC
  • 1. Brahman -the eternal being - created and
    preserves the world. Everything in the world is
    an aspect of Brahman.
  • 2. Atman - the soul each person has one that is
    an aspect of Brahman. Cant ever be destroyed.
  • 3. Devas manifestations of Brahman that are
    active in the world and who help to maintain
    order.
  • 3 of the most commonBrahma, Vishnu, Siva
  • 4. Reincarnation being reborn into this world
    lifetime after lifetime (Samsara)
  • 5. Karma the sum effect of a persons actions,
    good and bad, which helps shape future
    experiences
  • 6. Moksha - goal of human existence, escape from
    the cycle of reincarnation to join with the
    Brahman.
  • 7. Dharma set of spiritual duties and
    obligations that must be fulfilled to achieve
    moksha.

5
What are the Sacred Texts?
2500 250 BC
  • Oldest, most authoritative
  • 1. Four Vedas (truth) sacred hymns of praise
  • Contain knowledge revealed by Brahman
  • 2. Upanishads philosophical reflections on the
    Vedas
  • Also revealed to, not written by, people
  • the Great Indian Epics (composed by sages)
  • Ramayana
  • Mahabharata (includes Bhagavad-Gita)
  • Both tell stories that reflect on what it means
    to live according to Vedic teachings

6
What are the religious practices of Hinduism?
2500 250 BC
  • Vary greatly because worship can take place
    anywhereusually a temple or in the home.
  • Spiritual leaders are called gurus or sages.
  • Yoga-integrated physical and mental exercises.
    They teach people to focus their minds and bodies
    which will aid their meditation in order to
    attain moksha
  • Pilgrimage to Ganges (thought it flows through 2
    devas so its water is holy. Bathing in it will
    purify them and remove bad karma.
  • Ultimate goal of life to release Atman and
    reunite with the divine, becoming as one with
    Brahman (Moksha)

7
Who do Hindus worship? 3 Most Important Devas
2500 250 BC
Brahma, the creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Siva, the Destroyer
8
All these deities are but Aspects of
the impersonal Brahman
9
Hinduism Map!
AUM! AUM! AUM!
  • Hinduism in 1500 C.E.
  • Hinduism Today

Hinduism located in India and SE Asia Then and Now
10
2500 250 BC
Buddhism
  • Buddhism, which teaches people that they can
    escape the suffering of the world through the
    Buddhist teachings, developed in Northeast India
    in 520 BCE and spread to other parts of Asia
  • 4th largest religion in the world

11
2500 250 BC
Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)
  • Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism can be traced to one
    single founder, Siddhartha Gautama
  • Prince of a small kingdom he lived a sheltered
    life and sought the answer to ending suffering
  • After years of meditation and searching, he sat
    under a Bodhi tree where he became Enlightened
  • He transformed into the Buddha-the Enlightened
    One.

12
2500 250 BC
The Teachings of Buddhism
What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?
Desire!
  • Therefore, extinguish the self, dont obsess
    about oneself. Give up all materials and
    possessions of the world.

13
2500 250 BC
Four Noble Truths
  • There is suffering in the world. To live is to
    suffer.
  • The cause of suffering is peoples desires for
    pleasure and material goods.
  • The solution is to eliminate desire and
    attachments. (Nirvana extinction)
  • To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold
    Path.

14
Eightfold Path
2500 250 BC
Right Understanding
Right Speech
Right Intention
Right Action
Right Livelihood
Right Effort
Right Concentration
Right Mindfulness
15
2500 250 BC
Eightfold Path
Nirvana
  • Nirvana is a state of perfect peace in which the
    soul would be free from suffering forever. It
    would escape from the cycle of rebirth.
  • If nirvana is not achieved, then the soul would
    be reborn to live through the cycle of suffering
    again.
  • Spiritual leaders are called monks or lamas.
  • Worship takes place in a temple or meditation
    hall.

16
Sacred Texts
  • Pali Canon
  • Dhammapada
  • Both record the words of the Buddha

17
The Spread of Buddhism
Interactive Map http//www.eduplace.com/kids/socs
ci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g6_u7/
18
2500 250 BC
Types of Buddhism
  • Therevada Buddhism
  • Mahayana Buddhism
  • Tibetan Buddhism

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2500 250 BC
Theravada Buddhism
  • The oldest school of Buddhism.
  • Found in southern Asia.
  • The monastic life is the best way to achieve
    nirvana.
  • Focus on wisdom and meditation.
  • Goal is to become a Buddha, or Enlightened
    One.
  • Over 100,000,000 followers today.

20
2500 250 BC
Mahayana Buddhism
  • Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).
  • Buddhism for the masses.
  • One doesnt need to be a monk or nun to reach
    nirvana anyone can do it with some help.
  • Seek guidance from Boddhisatvas, wise beings,
    people who have found enlightenment but have
    stayed on earth to help others find their way.
  • Goal Not just individual escape from the wheel,
    but the salvation of all humanity through
    self-sacrifice of those who are already
    enlightened.d few.

21
2500 250 BC
Tibetan Buddhism
  • Developed in Tibet in the 7c CE.
  • A mix of Theravada and Mahayana.
  • Boddhisatvas include Lamas, like the Dalai Lama.

22
Buddhism Map!
  • Buddhism in 1500 C.E.
  • Buddhism Today

Buddhism located in Southeast and East Asia
(China) Then and Now
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Judaism, Christianity, Islam
24
Brief History
  • Judaism- The Hebrew leader Abraham founded
    Judaism in Mesopotamia around 1300 B.C. Judaism
    is the oldest of the monotheistic faiths
    (religions with one God).
  • Christianity - Founded by Jesus Christ, who was
    crucified around A.D. 33 in Palestine in the city
    of Jerusalem. It was after his death when his
    followers came to believe in him as the Christ,
    the Messiah.
  • Islam - Founded in Arabia by Muhammad in A.D. 622.

25
4000550 BC
Abrahams Genealogy
All 3 Religions are linked by AbrahamHe is the
patriarch of all 3
  • Islam-Quran
  • Judaism-Torah

ABRAHAM
SARAH
HAGAR
Ishmael
Isaac
Esau
Jacob/Israel
12 Arabian Tribes
Mecca (Muslims)
  • Muhammad (the last prophet)
  • Quran and the Five Pillars of Islam

12 Tribes of Israel
  • Other 10 tribes-(Israelites) (Hebrews)
  • 2 Tribes - (Jews) of Judah
  • Jesus Christ (son of God)
  • The Hebrew Bible - Old Testament in the Christian
    Bible

26
Judaism Briefly
  • Judaism is over 3000 years old and is the oldest
    of the world's monotheistic religions (religions
    with only one God). It's also the smallest, with
    only about 14 million (7th) followers around the
    world.
  • Its holy city is Jerusalem.

27
Judaism Beliefs
  • Jews believe that there is a single God (Yahweh)
    who not only created the universe, but with whom
    every Jew can have an individual and personal
    relationship.
  • They await the Messiah, who will be an earthly
    king. They believe in heaven, but that God
    determines where they go after life on earth.
  • Ten Commandments is the basic code of law.

28
Judaism Holy Book
  • The most holy Jewish book is the Torah (the first
    five books of the Christian Bible). Others
    include Judaism's oral tradition, the written
    form of which is known as the Talmud.
  • The Torah (scroll of teachings) contains the five
    books revealed to Moses by God on Mount Sinai.
  • Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and
    Deuteronomy

29
Judaism Place of Worship
  • Jews worship in Synagogues or temples. Men and
    women usually sit separately.
  • Worship is led by a Rabbi.
  • Saturday (begins at sundown on Friday) is time
    for worship.

Stamford Hill, London
30
The Temple
  • According to the Bible, the First Temple for
    Jewish worship was built around 900-1000 BCE and
    destroyed by Babylonians in 586 BCE.
  • The Jews were then sent out of Canaan, but
    returned after 50 years in exile.
  • A Diaspora occurs when a group of people leave
    their homeland and move to many different
    locations separately.
  • All of the worlds Jewish communities today that
    do not live in present-day Israel are part of the
    Jewish Diaspora.

31
The Temple
  • A new temple was finished 70 years later on the
    site of the First Temple, but was badly
    plundered by invading Romans about 54 BCE.
  • King Herod, a Jew, ruled Judea for the Romans.
    Under him the second temple was rebuilt in 20
    BCE.
  • When the Romans attacked Jerusalem again in 70
    CE(AD), they destroyed Herods temple.
  • Today, the single remaining temple wall, the
    Western Wall, is a place of prayer for Jewish
    pilgrims.
  • Jews moved away from the land again, until the
    modern state of Israel was formed in the late
    1940s.

32
Judaism Map!
  • Judaism in 1500 C.E.
  • Judaism Today

Today, located in Israel and U.S.
In 1500, located in Europe and Middle East
33
Christianity briefly
  • Christianity is the world's largest religion,
    with about 2.2 billion followers worldwide. It is
    based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who lived
    in the Holy Land 2,000 years ago.

34
Christianity Beliefs
  • Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the Son
    of God
  • God sent his Son to earth to save humanity from
    the consequences of its sins
  • Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after
    his Crucifixion (the Resurrection)
  • Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah
    promised in the Old Testament
  • Christians believe that there is only one God,
    but that this one God consists of 3 "persons-God
    the Father, God the Son, God the Holy
    Ghost--Trinity
  • Christians believe that God made the world.

35
Christianity Beliefs
  • Christians believe that they can have a personal
    relationship with God, and that they are saved by
    faith, and good works.
  • They believe in heaven and hell.
  • They believe that the Bible is the inspired word
    of God.

36
Christians Holy Book
  • The Bible is the Christian holy book. It is
    divided into the Old and New Testaments. Parts of
    the writing contained in the Old Testament are
    also sacred to Jewish and Muslim people.

37
Christian Place of Worship
  • The Christian place of worship is called a
    Church, which are built in the shape of a cross
    with the altar facing east towards the rising
    sun. Services are led by a priest, pastor or
    reverend.
  • Day of worship is normally Sunday.

Westminster Abbey London
38
Christian Sects
  • Roman Catholicism vs. Eastern Orthodox-Christian
    Church divided when the Roman Empire was divided
    and then fell. Orthodox Christians do not
    recognize the authority of the Pope.
  • Catholicism vs. Protestantism-as a result of the
    Reformation, Protestant sects broke with the
    Catholic Church and established their own
    separate churches.

39
Christianity Map!
  • Christianity 1500 C.E.
  • Christianity Today

In 1500, located in Europe and Middle East
Today, located in Americas and Europe
40
Islam Briefly
  • Islam is the second most popular religion in the
    world with 1.3 billion followers. Islam began in
    Arabia and was revealed to humanity by the
    Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Those who
    follow Islam are called Muslims. Muslims believe
    that there is only one God, called Allah, who
    speaks Arabic.

41
Islam Holy Book
  • The Muslim scripture is the Holy Qur'an. It is
    'the word of God'. Muslim beliefs and practices
    are rooted in the Qur'an.
  • Muslims treat the Qur'an with great respect
    because they believe that the Qur'an is from
    Allah, and every word and every letter is sacred.
  • Muslims regard the Qur'an as the unaltered word
    of God.

42
Islam Place of Worship
  • The Muslim building for communal worship is
    called a Mosque. The word comes from the Arabic
    for "place of prostration".
  • Worshippers are called to prayer 5 times a day
    from minarets towers on the mosque corners.
  • They contain only designs, no people or animals
    or furniture.
  • Normal day of worship is Friday.
  • Religious leaders are called imams.

Grand mosque in Mecca
43
Five Pillars Belief system/law code
  • Shahadah declaration of faith "I bear witness
    that there is no god, but God I bear witness
    that Muhammad is the prophet of God." By reciting
    this, one enters Islamic faith.
  • Salah Pray 5 times a day facing MeccaMuslims
    are required to pray five times a day, washing
    themselves before prayer and facing in the
    direction of Mecca while praying.
  • Zakat Give a fixed proportion to charity
    Muslims are required to give away a percentage
    of their earnings to those less fortunate,
    regardless of their religion.
  • Saum Fast during the month of RamadanMuslims
    fast for one lunar month each year, a period
    called Ramadan. During this time, Muslims reflect
    on their behavior and strive to purify their
    thoughts.
  • Hajj Make a pilgrimage to MeccaIf it is
    financially possible, Muslims are required to
    travel to Mecca once in their lifetime.

44
The Hajj
  • HijjaThe month of pilgrimage during which all
    Muslims, at least once in their life, should try
    to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and worship at
    the Kaaba

45
Muslim Sects
  • Sunni-the majority
  • Shia-the minority
  • The split rose from an early dispute over who
    should be the leader of Islam after the death of
    Muhammad. The Sunnis argued that the successor
    should be appointed by election and consensus, as
    tradition dictated. (Sunni comes from the Arabic
    word Sunna , meaning tradition.) The Shia
    believed that Muhammad's successors should come
    from his family, starting with Ali, his
    son-in-law. These, the partisans of Ali, were
    named from the word Shia , meaning partisan in
    Arabic.

46
Islam Map!
  • Islam in 1500 C.E.
  • Islam Today

In 1500, located in Middle East, Africa, and
Southern Europe
Today, located in Middle East, Africa, and Asia
47
View of Fellow Abrahamic Religions
  • Judaism Islam and Christianity are false
    interpretations and extensions of Judaism.
  • Christianity Judaism is a true religion, but
    with incomplete revelation. Islam is a false
    religion.
  • Islam Jews and Christians are respected as
    fellow believers, but with wrong beliefs and only
    partial revelation.
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