The United States in the 1920s Prosperity and Decline

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The United States in the 1920sProsperity and
Decline

• 1919-1929

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• Prosperity and Purchasing Power in the U.S.
• Expansion of the auto industry
• Expansion of construction
• New consumer products
• Electrification of America
• Durable Products
• Non-durable products
• Introduction of mass advertising
• Americas increasing literacy
• Proliferation of radios
• Creation of new industries
• Installment buying
• Efficiency of production
• Transition from steam power to electric power
• Decrease in per-unit cost of manufactured items

3

• The Coming of the Great Depression
• Poor Distribution of Income
• 1929 1 of U.S. pop. 60 of nations wealth
• Low wages? Corporate profit?
• Corporate profits spent on speculative buying
• Decline in auto production and construction
• Technological unemployment
• Increased production but no pay increases
• Weaknesses in corporate structure
• 8,000 businesses disappeared
• Defects in the banking system
• Agricultural depression
• overproduction
• 1919-1929 income for farmers decline
• inability to pay debts foreclosures

4

• Sick Industries
• Textiles, coal, railroads
• Stock Market Crash
• bull market- prices are rising
• bear market- prices are falling
• marginal buying- 5-10 down on stock
• confidence lost
• All of these factors contributed to a major
  loss in consumer purchasing power, facilitating
  low economic activity and rising unemployment
  (economic depression).

5
The Rise of Totalitarian Regimes in Europe

• 1919-1939

6
The United States

• Woodrow Wilsons League of Nations
• Republican opposition in the House and Senate
• The United States came out of the war in better
  condition than its allies.
• No battles on American soil
• Fewer casualties than its allies
• The war and U.S. economy
• The U.S. economy remained strong until 1929
• Debtor to Creditor status
• 1920s prosperity and production in the U.S.
• Stock Market Speculation

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• Stock Market Crash
• Tuesday, October 29, 1929
• Business and bank failures
• Drop in sales and production
• Wages fell and workers were cut
• Massive unemployment
• By 1933, ¼ of nations workforce unemployed
• Dawes Plan
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
• 1932, elected on the promised that he would
  provide a new deal for the American people.
• First Hundred Days
• Restored the nations confidence

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Great Britain

• Britains loss of economic status
• Britain lost its status in world trade
• British colonies
• Creditor to Debtor status
• U.S. and Japan
• Britains factories were outdated
• U.S. and Japan
• 1926 General Strike
• 1932 ¼ of British were unemployed

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France

• After the war, France was in worse shape than
  Britain
• Loss of farmland and forests
• Destruction of villages and cities
• Tremendous casualties
• Severe Economic Problems
• High unemployment and inflation
• Government on the verge of bankruptcy
• Inability to rebuild economic infrastructure
• Bleak Political Picture
• Desire to prevent another war
• Locarno Agreements (1925)
• Maginot Line

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Fascist Dictatorship in Europe

• Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party in Italy
• Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany

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Fascism in Italy

• Post-war Dissatisfaction
• Empty Allied promises
• Economic Problems
• High debts incurred during the war
• Few jobs for returning soldiers
• Lack of industrial resources
• No markets for products
• Benito Mussolini
• b. 1883
• Working-class background
• Worked as a journalist
• Formed the Fascist Party (Fasci di Combattimento)
  in 1919

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• Fascism- political philosophy that advocates
  glorification of the state, a single-party
  system, and an aggressive form of nationalism.
• Totalitarian- of or relating to a political
  regime based on subjugation of the individual to
  the state and strict control of all aspects of
  the life and productive capacity of the nation
  (often by coercive means such as censorship and
  terrorism)

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• Fascism was a totalitarian form of government.
• The state had absolute power
• Defended private property and class structure
• The cause of the nation was most important
• War and conquest were considered essential to
  achieving nationalistic goals
• Mussolinis rise to power
• Steady degradation of Italys economy after the
  war
• Widespread social unrest throughout Italy (urban
  and rural)
• Middle-class worries?
• Mussolini offered reforms to appease all groups

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• Mussolinis promises
• To landowners and the middle-class he promised to
  end social unrest and protect private property.
• To workers he promised full employment and
  workers benefits.
• To nationalists he promised to restore Italy to
  its former greatness.
• Fascism was a major force in Italy by 1921
• The Blackshirts were Mussolinis followers they
  used violence to deter political opponents and
  promote the Fascist Partys policies
• In 1922, the Fascists invaded Rome
• King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

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• Dictatorship- a form of government in which
  absolute power is concentrated in a dictator (one
  enjoying complete autocratic control) of a small
  regime.

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• Dictatorship in Italy
• The end to democratic rule in Italy
• 1924 Elections
• Mussolini (Il Duce)
• Government reorganization
• Banned non-fascist parties
• Formed syndicates
• Fascist Opposition and Support
• The masses must obey. They cannot afford to
  waste time searching for the truth.

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• Mussolini and Italy
• Reduced Italian unemployment through a military
  rebuilding program
• Renewed Italian spirit of nationalism and
  patriotism
• Vowed to recapture for Italy the former glory of
  ancient Rome

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Nazi Germany
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• The Weimar Republic
• Germany elected delegates to a national assembly
  in 1919
• The assembly drafted a constitution that provided
  for a democratic republic
• The republic was called the Weimar Republic
  (1919-1933)
• Opposition to the newly formed republic?
• Reparations and the Treaty of Versailles
• France and Great Britain demanded payment
• Allied bill for the cost of the war- 35 billion
• Economic problems in Germany. In 1922, Germany
  announced that it could not pay.
• French occupation of Germanys Ruhr Valley (1923)
• German workers went on strike (paid by
  government)

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• How did Germanys government (the Weimar
  Republic) plan to meet its growing expenses?
• Inflation (printing large quantities of money)
• 1914, 1 U.S. Dollar 4 German Marks
• 1924, 1 U.S. Dollar 4 trillion German Marks
• Dawes Plan (1924)
• Compromise with Allies that eased Germanys
  reparations payments
• American loans ushered in a 5-year period of
  relative prosperity ( but also created a German
  economy dependant on foreign markets)
• Nevertheless, discontent still loomed overhead.

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The German People and the Nazis

• What problems did your person face during the
  1920s and 1930s in Germany? What sort of regime
  or governmental system would seem most likely to
  solve his or her immediate problem?
• Herman Struts
• Karin Hauptmann
• Eric von Ronheim
• Karl Schmidt
• Lotte von Kohler
• Wilhelm Schultz
• Gerda Munchen
• What problems did the Weimar Republic face? How
  might these problems have aided the rise of
  Hitler?

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• The Rise of Nazism
• The National Socialist German Workers Party
  (NSDAP) or Nazi Party
• Adolf Hitler
• b. 1889 in Austria
• Early life of Hitler
• Veteran of the First World War
• Moved to Munich, Germany, after the war and
  joined in what became the Nazi Party
• Formed the Brownshirts (Storm Troopers or SA)
• The Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 8-9, 1923)
• Radical Revolution
• Munich, Germany
• The Revolution has begun!
• The coup failed but brought attention to the
  Nazis

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• Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison but
  served only nine months
• Mein Kampf
• Denied Germanys fault in losing the war
• Declared the Germans to be a master race
  (Aryans) with a destiny to dominate and rule the
  world
• Hitler as leader of a unified Germany
• After the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch Hitler
  sought the achieve revolution through legal means
  (gaining Nazi votes in the Reichstag)
• Resurge in Nazi popularity in 1929
• 1932, Nazi Party gained a majority of votes in
  the Reichstag
• January, 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg
  appointed Hitler his chancellor (reluctantly)
• The Nazis and Hitler began to rise to power
  through legal means

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• Hitlers Rise to Power
• Hitler desired Germany to become a totalitarian
  state
• Hitler called a new election
• The Burning of the Reichstag Building (blamed on
  the Communists)
• 1933 Election
• The Jews
• Jews in Germany suffered bitter attacks
• Nuremberg Laws, September 15, 1935
• Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938
• Concentration Camps

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• Hitler as Dictator (Der Führer)
• The Third Reich
• Germanys rearmament
• The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were
  ignored
• German factories began to manufacture guns,
  ammunition, airplanes, tanks and other weapons
• The press was used (propaganda) to retain support
  for the Nazi cause
• Propaganda emphasized a strong military and
  devotion to the nation and its leader

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Territorial Expansion-Japan, Italy, and Germany
The Second World War, Cold War, and the Conflict
in Vietnam 1939-1990

• Japan
• Japans dependence on foreign resources
• Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Sept. 1931)
• Failure of the League of Nations
• The East Indies and oil reserves
• South China?
• Summer of 1937, Japan launched a full-blown
  invasion of China

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• Italy
• Dispute between Italy and Ethiopia
• Italian invasion of Ethiopia (October 1935)
• Ethiopias appeal to the League of Nations
• The League condemned Italys actions and imposed
  economic sanctions. However, the sanctions did
  not include coal, iron, or oil.
• Failure of the League of Nations
• Italy annexed the African nation of Ethiopia in
  1936.

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• Spanish Civil War
• 1930s, King Alfonso III of Spain abdicated the
  throne and Spain became a republic
• Social reforms
• Eliminated the role of the Catholic Church in
  educating the youth
• Redistributed the land from the nobles to the
  peasants
• Conservative opposition and civil war (1936)
• Conservative Spanish Nationalists v. Republican
  Spanish Loyalists
• The Soviets aided the Loyalists Italy and
  Germany supported the Nationalists
• U.S., Great Britain, and France?
• International Brigade
• The Nationalists, led by fascist dictator
  Francisco Franco, took control of Spain in 1939.

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• Germany
• Hitler believed that Germany needed more living
  space (lebensraum) for its growing population.
  Germany needed more land to become a great power.
• The Rhineland (March of 1936)
• The Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany and Italy, October
  1936)
• Anti-Comintern Pact- anti-communist alliance
  between Italy, Germany, and Japan
• Anschluss (March 1938) Germany annexed Austria
• Czechoslovakia was taken in 1939.
• Czechoslovakias ethnic composition?
• Hitler demanded the German-dominated Sudetenland
  (northwestern Czechoslovakia) in September of
  1938.
• Neville Chamberlain (British Prime Minister)
• The Munich Conference
• Peace for our time
• The British policy of appeasement
• On March 15, 1939, Hitler seized Czechoslovakia.

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• Germany and eastern Europe
• Poland
• Great Britain and France?
• The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
• Hitler and Stalin agreed upon mutual
  nonaggression.
• Stalin knew that war with Germany was inevitable
  but realized the pact would provide time to
  prepare for war.
• Britain and France outraged?
• No barrier existed to prevent war.
• Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.
• Two days later Great Britain and France declared
  war on Germany.
• The Second World War (World War II) had begun.

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The War in Europe

• September 1, 1939, the Germans launched an attack
  on Poland using a new military strategy.
• blitzkrieg- lightning war an attack strategy
  of speed and efficiency using armored tank
  divisions (panzers) and airplanes
• Polands quick defeat
• Meanwhile, the Soviet Union occupied the eastern
  half of Poland and subjugated the Baltic
  republics of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and
  Finland.

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• The phony war or Sitzkrieg (winter and spring
  of 1939-1940)
• Hitler demanded that Denmark and Norway accept
  Germanys protection.
• April of 1940, Germanys occupation of Norway b
• Great Britain, May 10, 1940-Winston Churchill was
  appointed prime minister

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• The Fall of France
• A flaw in the impenetrable Maginot Line
• Germans advance through the Ardennes Forest
• May 1940, the German air assault (Netherlands)
• Britain and France moved into Belgium but were
  encircled by the German army
• Meanwhile, other German tanks moved to France
• German troops invaded Paris on June 14, 1940.
• The French were forced to sign an armistice, and
  the Germans occupied France.
• Dunkirk (May 1940)
• Belgian, French, and British forces were forced
  to the coast by German troops.
• Over 300,000 Allied soldiers were rescued by the
  military and courageous civilians.

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• The Battle of Britain (1940)
• Great Britain was Hitlers last obstacle in
  gaining complete German domination of western
  Europe.
• Hitler expectations?
• Winston Churchills resolve
• Hitlers Operation Sea Lion
• The German Luftwaffe and massive air attacks all
  over southern England
• British losses?
• Never in the field of human conflict was so much
  owed by so many to so few.

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• U.S. Cooperation
• The U.S. Congress enacted laws designed to keep
  Americans out of the war.
• Neutrality Acts (1937)- prohibited arms shipments
  and loans to belligerent nations.
• President Roosevelt, however, realized that
  German expansion threatened American security and
  that Britain and France would not be able to stop
  Hitler without U.S. assistance.
• cash-and-carry policy- the U.S. traded supplies
  that Britain needed for cash, provided that
  Britain use its ships to transport the supplies.
• lend-lease policy- the president was authorized
  to lend war equipment to any country whose
  defense he deemed vital to U.S. national
  security.
• The Atlantic Charter (August 9, 1941)- Churchill
  and Roosevelt (freedom of self-determination,
  freedom of trade, and destruction of Nazi
  tyranny)

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• Cold War (1949-1990)
• Cold War- post-WWII relationship between the
  Soviet Union (USSR) and the Western nations
  (principally the USA) characterized by tension
  and hostility bringing the two powers to the
  brink of war (cold war) without actually going to
  war (hot war).
• Tension between the USA and USSR was at its
  greatest during the intensification of the
  nuclear arms race in the 1960s.
• The Cold War ended in 1990 after twenty years of
  arms reduction and control negotiations.
• Why did tension exist between the USSR and the
  USA?

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• Prelude to the Cold War (1945- )
• Soviet liberation of Eastern Europe from Nazi
  control (1945)
• Civil war in Greece (1946)
• Communist Peoples Liberation Army
• Anti-communist forces supported by Great Britain
• The Truman Doctrine (1947)- US foreign policy
  that provided for military and economic aid to
  countries threatened by communist expansion.
• Marshall Plan (1947)
• COMECON (1949)
• The Berlin Crisis (1961)
• Division of Germany and Berlin (p.851)
• Great Britain, France, the United States, and the
  Soviet Union
• The Berlin Blockade
• Federal Republic of Germany (west) and German
  Democratic Republic (east)

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• The arms race and the reemergence of hostile
  alliance systems
• NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)-
  mutual defense agreement between Western nations,
  including the Belgium, Great Britain, the USA,
  Norway, Canada, and Portugal.
• Warsaw Pact (1955)- mutual defense agreement
  between Eastern European nations, including
  Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East
  Germany, Poland, and Romania.
• Hungary (1956)
• Czechoslovakia (1968)

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• The Korean War (1950-1953)
• Communists gained control of China (1949)
• Communist North Korea allied with Communist China
  and the Soviet Union and attacked the pro-Western
  Republic of South Korea
• The Wests new perspective on Communism
• The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• Fidel Castro (1959)
• Bay of Pigs
• John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev
• The superpowers on the verge of nuclear war
• 1963- direct telephone link between Washington
  D.C. and Moscow
• Treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in
  the atmosphere

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The Second World War

• Failure of collective security and peace after
  the First World War
• Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• Article 231
• League of Nations
• Paper Agreements of the 1920s
• Locarno Agreement, 1925
• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

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• Post-war failures at securing peace
• Great Depression and the rise of fascism
• London Economic Conference (1933)
• Japans Expansion
• Japans dependence on foreign resources
• Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Sept. 1931)
• Effectiveness of the League of Nations?
• The East Indies and oil reserves
• South China?
• Summer of 1937, Japan launched a full-blown
  invasion of China
• Impact on Europe? Germany? Italy?
• Stresa Front, 1935

42

• Italian Aggression
• Dispute between Italy and Ethiopia, 1934
• Italian invasion of Ethiopia (October 1935)
• Ethiopias appeal to the League of Nations
• The League condemned Italys actions and imposed
  economic sanctions (limitations?)
• Effectiveness of the League of Nations?
• Italy annexed the African nation of Ethiopia in
  1936.
• Hitlers reaction?

43

• Spanish Civil War
• 1930s, King Alfonso III of Spain
• The Spanish Republic, 1931
• Social reforms
• Conservative opposition and civil war (1936-1939)
• Conservative Spanish Nationalists v. Republican
  Spanish Loyalists
• Communists, Fascists, and Nazis
• Germany and Italy
• U.S., Great Britain, and France?
• International Brigade
• The Nationalists, led by fascist dictator
  Francisco Franco, took control of Spain in 1939.
  Spain remained a dictatorship until 1975.
• The Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany and Italy, October
  1936)
• Anti-Comintern Pact- anti-communist alliance
  between Italy, Germany, and Japan (November 1936)

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Picassos Guernica (1937)
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Hitler at Nuremberg Stadium
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• Hitler as Dictator (Der Führer)
• The Third Reich
• Germanys rearmament after 1933
• The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were
  ignored
• Conscription was reinstituted
• German factories began to manufacture guns,
  ammunition, airplanes, tanks and other weapons
• Luftwaffe and a stronger navy established
• Germanys economic recovery
• The press was used (propaganda) to retain support
  for the Nazi cause
• Propaganda emphasized a strong military and
  devotion to the nation and its leader

49

• German Aggression and Expansion
• The Rhineland (March of 1936)
• Hitlers gamble and the uneasiness of the German
  military command
• Why did France not act?
• British pacifism
• League of Nations?
• Anschluss (March 1938) Germany annexed Austria
• Britain (PM Neville Chamberlain) rejected an
  alliance with France and Russia, and the
  international community did nothing in response
  to Hitlers actions
• Czechoslovakia was taken in 1939
• Czechoslovakias ethnic composition?
• Hitler demanded the German-dominated Sudetenland
  (northwestern Czechoslovakia) in September of
  1938.
• Neville Chamberlain and the Munich Conference
• The British policy of appeasement
• Czechoslovakia was compelled to give away the
  Sudetenland
• Peace for our time
• On March 15, 1939, Hitler seized Czechoslovakia.

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Ethnic Composition of Eastern Europe, 1936
51

• Germanys Invasion of Poland
• Hitler believed that Germany needed more living
  space (lebensraum) for its growing population.
  Germany needed more land to become a great power.
• Only one week after taking Czechoslovakia, Hitler
  demanded the port city of Danzig
• Britains threat of war
• Germanys fear of a two-front war
• German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, August 1939
• Stalin and Hitler
• Public provisions
• Secret agreement
• How long could such an agreement last?

52

• September 1, 1939, the Germans launched an attack
  on Poland using a new military strategy.
• This event marked the beginning of the Second
  World War
• On September 3, Britain and France declared war
  on Germany
• blitzkrieg- lightning war an attack strategy
  of speed and efficiency using armored tank
  divisions (panzers) and airplanes
• Polands quick defeat (4 weeks)
• Equal in manpower but technologically mismatched
• Fate of the Jews, Gypsies, and Poles
• Meanwhile, the Soviet Union occupied the eastern
  half of Poland and subjugated the Baltic
  republics of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and
  Finland. Stalins intent was to create a buffer
  zone against Germany.

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Blitzkrieg
Einsatzgruppen
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• The phony war or Sitzkrieg (winter and spring
  of 1939-1940)
• April of 1940, Hitler demanded that Denmark and
  Norway accept Germanys protection.
• Germanys occupation of Norway
• Great Britain, May 10, 1940-Winston Churchill was
  appointed prime minister
• May 1940- German invasion of Netherlands,
  Belgium, and France
• A flaw in the impenetrable Maginot Line
• German advance through Belgium
• German air assault (Netherlands)
• Britain and France moved into Belgium but were
  encircled by the German army
• Dunkirk (May 1940)
• Belgian, French, and British forces were forced
  to the coast by German troops.
• Civilian rescue of Allied troops

58

• The Fall of France
• While the France and Britain were scrambling at
  Dunkirk, German tanks moved on to Paris, France
• German troops invaded Paris on June 14, 1940.
• German occupation of northern France
• Henri Philippe Petain, Vichy Government
• Resistance and Free France
• General Charles de Gaulle
• Tripartite Pact (1940)- Japan joined the
  Rome-Berlin Axis

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A divided France
Henri Petain
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• The Battle of Britain (August 1940)
• Hitlers last obstacle and Operation Sea Lion
• Hitlers offer
• Germanys Luftwaffe and Britains Royal Air Force
• Britains use of radar (new technology)
• Germanys change in strategy- military to
  civilian casualties, Hitlers mistake?
• The Blitz on London
• In September, Operation Sea Lion was halted
  indefinitely
• The Blitz continued until May of 1941, but the
  RAF ultimately defeated the Luftwaffe
• Never in the field of human conflict was so much
  owed by so many to so few.

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• War on the Eastern Front- Germanys invasion of
  the Soviet Union
• Germanys Operation Barbarossa
• Quite possibly Hitlers greatest blunder
• Invasion of Russia, June 1941
• Soviet- Russias use of scorched earth tactics
• The Soviet Union was now poised for an alliance
  with Britain and France

63

• U.S. Cooperation
• Neutrality Acts (1937)
• President Roosevelts view
• cash-and-carry
• lend-lease policy
• Atlantic Charter (August 9, 1941)- Churchill and
  Roosevelt (freedom of self-determination, freedom
  of trade, and destruction of Nazi tyranny)
• Japan and the United States
• Hirohito
• Hideki Tojo
• December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor
• What were they thinking?!!
• Hitlers mistake?
• assumptions
• Germanys declaration of war

64

• The Grand Alliance (1942)
• United States, Soviet Union, and Britain
• Big Three- Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill

65

• The Nazi Empire in Europe
• Territories controlled by the end of 1941
• Spain?
• Germanys allies?
• Britain was isolated
• The Nazi New Order
• Nordic people
• French and other Latin peoples
• Slavic peoples
• Genocide
• Jews, Gypsies, Jehovahs Witnesses, Communists
  and other groups that dissented from the Nazi
  ideology
• The Nazis Final Solution to the Jewish Question
• Wannsee Conference (1942)
• Extermination/ Death camps
• 6 million Jews killed
• 5-6 million others also killed in what became
  known as the Holocaust

66

• Turning Points in the war
• El Alamein (November, 1942)- North Africa
• Germans driven out of Egypt
• Operation Torch- General Rommels troops defeated
  by Allies by May 1943
• Opened the way for an Allied invasion of southern
  Europe through Italy
• Consequence of Hitlers decision to focus on
  Russia?
• Stalingrad (Nov 1942-Feb 1943)
• Hitler sought the citys industry and nearby oil
  fields
• German forces were surrounded and destroyed
• German were subsequently pushed back to Berlin
  (over 2 years)
• D-Day- Operation Overlord (June 6, 1944)
• Amphibious assault on German-occupied France
• Western Front established
• Signified the end of Nazi domination of Europe
  (3-front war)
• Battle of the Bulge (December 1944)
• Germanys final offensive along its western
  border
• Massive casualties on both sides
• On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered to the Allies

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Battle of Stalingrad
68

• End of the war with Japan (August 1945)
• U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
  Nagasaki
• With the intervention of Emperor Hirohito, Japan
  finally surrendered

69

• Diplomacy during the War
• Casablanca Conference (January 1943)
• FDR and Churchill
• unconditional surrender for all enemies
• Italian invasion first problem for Russia?
• Tehran Conference (December 1943)
• First meeting of the Big Three
• Invasion of Western Europe decided (Europe then
  Japan)
• Stalins demands in E. Europe and Germany after
  the war?
• Churchills demands? Roosevelt as mediator?
• Yalta Conference (February 1945)
• Second meeting of the Big Three
• Stalin agreed to free elections in the areas
  liberated from Nazi Germanys control
  (Declaration of Liberated Europe)
• United Nations meeting called for April 1945
• Germany to be divided into occupied zones
• Territorial concessions made to the Soviet Union

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• Diplomacy during the War
• Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
• Stalin, H. Truman, C. Atlee
• Japan warned to surrender or face total
  devastation
• Stalin and free elections in E. Europe?
• Decision made for war-crimes trials and the
  de-Nazification of Germany
• Reparations?

71

• Significant Results of the War
• Devastating loss of life
• Holocaust
• Forced relocation
• Changing role of women in society
• Two new dominant world powers US and Soviet
  Union
• Why did Germany lose the war?
• Three-front war
• France, Italy, and Russia
• Major Blunders
• Failure of the Battle of Britain
• Invasion of the Soviet Union (and the siege of
  Stalingrad)
• Hitlers declaration of war against the U.S.
• Industrial Capacity
• The U.S. alone vs. the Axis powers combined
• Allied bombing of German factories

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• Why did Germany lose the war?
• Three-front war
• France, Italy, and Russia
• Major Blunders
• Failure of the Battle of Britain
• Invasion of the Soviet Union (and the siege of
  Stalingrad)
• Hitlers declaration of war against the U.S.
• Industrial Capacity
• The U.S. alone vs. the Axis powers combined
• Allied bombing of German factories
• Weakness of the Axis alliance
• Italys failures in Greece and Yugoslavia
• Japans attack on U.S.
• Strength of the Grand Alliance

73

• Cold War (1949-1990)
• Cold War- post-WWII relationship between the
  Soviet Union (USSR) and the Western nations
  (principally the USA) characterized by tension
  and hostility bringing the two powers to the
  brink of war (cold war) without actually going to
  war (hot war).
• Tension between the USA and USSR was at its
  greatest during the intensification of the
  nuclear arms race in the 1960s.
• The Cold War ended in 1990 after twenty years of
  arms reduction and control negotiations.
• Why did tension exist between the USSR and the
  USA?

74

• Prelude to the Cold War (1945- )
• Soviet liberation of Eastern Europe from Nazi
  control (1945)
• Civil war in Greece (1946)
• Communist Peoples Liberation Army
• Anti-communist forces supported by Great Britain
• The Truman Doctrine (1947)- US foreign policy
  that provided for military and economic aid to
  countries threatened by communist expansion.
• Marshall Plan (1947)
• COMECON (1949)
• The Berlin Crisis (1961)
• Division of Germany and Berlin (p.851)
• Great Britain, France, the United States, and the
  Soviet Union
• The Berlin Blockade
• Federal Republic of Germany (west) and German
  Democratic Republic (east)

75

• The arms race and the reemergence of hostile
  alliance systems
• NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)-
  mutual defense agreement between Western nations,
  including the Belgium, Great Britain, the USA,
  Norway, Canada, and Portugal.
• Warsaw Pact (1955)- mutual defense agreement
  between Eastern European nations, including
  Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East
  Germany, Poland, and Romania.
• Hungary (1956)
• Czechoslovakia (1968)

76

• The Korean War (1950-1953)
• Communists gained control of China (1949)
• Communist North Korea allied with Communist China
  and the Soviet Union and attacked the pro-Western
  Republic of South Korea
• The Wests new perspective on Communism
• The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• Fidel Castro (1959)
• Bay of Pigs
• John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev
• The superpowers on the verge of nuclear war
• 1963- direct telephone link between Washington
  D.C. and Moscow
• Treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in
  the atmosphere