Chapter 2: Rise of the Atlantic World 1400-1625

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Chapter 2 Rise of the Atlantic World 1400-1625
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Section 1

• Focus Question
• What forces were transforming West Africa before
  the advent of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
• How did European monarchs use commerce and
  religion to advance their nations fortunes?
• Big Picture
• Market W. Africa W. Europe
• Rise in Euro pop power shift
• Social, political, religious problems.

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African European Backgrounds WEST AFRICA

• Empire of Mali
• Trading- with the Middle East
• Exports- Gold slaves
• Leaders Kinship-tied clans together
• Family Life
• Children-workers and produced money
• Farming-source of income, rotation
• Religion-belief in the supernatural, reason for
  everything
• Polytheistic-more than one god

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African European Backgrounds Europe

• Renaissance Era Rebirth
• Europes race to be 1
• Gender, wealth, and inherited position
• Kingdoms married to create alliances and power
• Society Structure Feudalism
• Taxation from Catholic Church 75 poor
• Deforestation, overpopulation, starvation
• Poor Laws
• Nuclear families mirror feudalism

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African European Backgrounds Europe

• Business
• Just Price
• More traditional trading practice
• Joint Stock Companies
• Ex VA Company or East India Company
• Capitalism or market economies
• New business idea Anything to make a profit

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African European Backgrounds Religion

• 1200-1500 European Christian led crusades on
  Muslims.
• 1400s Spanish Catholics led the Spanish
  Reconquest spreading Catholicism.
• Most of Europe was controlled by the Catholic
  Church, including the King.
• Strong beliefs led to fears of witchcraft
• Followers paid indulgences to be forgiven of sin

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African European Backgrounds Religion

• German Monk Martin Luther 1517
• Protested indulgences, church corruption
• Began Protestant Reformation
• 95 Theses
• John Calvin Calvinists
• Predestination-God can only choose your fate, try
  to avoid sin
• Denied God gave priests special powers
• Wanted the Bible to be translated from Latin

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African European Backgrounds Religious
Upheavals

• Counter Reformation
• Council of Trent 1545-Ordered by Pope to change
  church structure, ignore Protestants
• Teresa of Avila Ignatius Loyola (Jesuits)
• England Anglican France Spain Catholic

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African European BackgroundsReformation in
England 1533-1625

• Church of England-created after King Henry VIII
  requested divorce from Catherine of Aragon
• Head of church, land, , and broke alliance with
  Spain.
• Bloody Mary-daughter killed Protestants
• Elizabeth I-daughter allowed open religion
• Calvinists Puritans Separatists
• No bishop, no king

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The Three Gs
GLORY
GOD
GOLD
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Section 2

• Focus Question
• What role did Columbian exchange play in the
  formation of the Atlantic world?
• Big Picture
• Rulers search for new trade
• Religious leaders seek to convert
• Slave trade colonization

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Europe the Atlantic World 1400-1600Portugal
the Atlantic 1400-1500

• Desire for wealth, power, trade in Asia,
  Africa, Americas
• New technology mapping
• Arab sail, compass, cartographers
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Paid sailors (Dias de Gama) to sail around
  Africa to make new trading ties for gold and
  slaves
• de Gama made trade connections in India

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Europe the Atlantic World 1400-1600New Slavery
Racism

• Slavery existed in Africa due to debt, prisoners
  of war, or gifts.
• Eventually became apart of masters family or
  released
• Europeans exchanged items for slave labor
• Trading slaves to other tribes for gold
• Portuguese introduced guns which fueled wars
• New Slavery-slaves use for labor vs servants
• 12 million traded, dehumanized, began basis for
  racism.

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Europe the Atlantic World 1400-1600To
American and Beyond, 1492-1522

• 1492-Columbus Spain exploration of the West
  Indies (Cuba/Hispaniola) led others to race for
  Asia.
• Treaty of Tordesillas-Spain (N) Portugal (S)
  would split future discoveries in the Americas,
  blocking others.
• England-John Cabot to Canada
• France- Jacques Cartier to Nova Scotia
• Italy-Amerigo Vespucci, named America
• Spain-Ferdinand Magellan around S. America

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Europe the Atlantic World 1400-1600To American
and Beyond, 1492-1522

• Spain
• Used slave labor or local Tainos to mine gold
• Established Puerto Rico (Ponce de Leon), Jamaica,
  Cuba
• Converting Natives
• Conquistadores
• Cortez- New Spain or Mexico-Aztecs (25 mil
  killed)
• Pizarro-Peru-Incas

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Europe the Atlantic World 1400-1600Columbian
Exchange

• Linked Europe, Africa, Americas
• Diseases, food, animals
• Racial slavery
• Colonization by Europeans
• Small pox killed millions of Natives
• New crops destroyed the soil
• Sugar tobacco
• Cultures combined
• Métis-Indian Europeans
• Mestizos-Indian Spanish

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Section 3

• Focus Question
• How did European relations with Native Americans
  affect the success of early European colonizing
  efforts?
• Big Picture
• Europeans moved to Mexico, Caribbean, Americas.
• Colonization proved unrealistic
• NA populations decreased

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Footholds in North America 1512-1625Spain

• Exploration of New Mexico or Mexico Florida
• Ponce de Leon La Florida
• Cabeza de VacaN. Mexico
• de SotoFlorida to Appalachian
• de CoronadoMexico to Southwest
• St. Augustine, FL1565 1st Spanish fort
• Used as missionary or presidio
• Ecomiendasgiving Native slave labor to any
  Spaniard immigrating to the colony.

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Footholds in North America 1512-1625France

• Giovanni de Verranzano1524
• Look for a Northwest Passage to Pacific
• Carolinas to Newfoundland
• Jacques Cartier1536
• Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia
• Calvinist Huegonots1562
• Jacksonville, FL for religious freedom
• Killed by Spanish
• Fur trade alliance with Huron Algonquians.
• Samuel de Champlain1608
• New France or Quebec

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Footholds in North America 1512-1625England

• Christian England vs Catholic Spain France
• Elizabeth I funded attacks on Spanish ships
  (Drake)
• Spain gave Catholic Ireland money to fight
  England
• Main objectives NW Passage gold
• 1570sfailure in California Canada
• 1584Attempt in Roanoke, Virginia with Sir Walter
  Raleigh ended in lost colony

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Footholds in North America 1512-1625Virginia
1603-1625

• 1604Truce with Spain, handing over VA
• Joint-stock fund colonization
• Maine to North Carolina
• Jamestown, VA 1607failure!
• John Smith, military leader raided local
  Powhatans
• NA hoped for alliance to avoid further conflicts
• 1st Anglo-Powhatan War 1610
• Tobaccomajor cash crop
• Need for indentured servants (4-7 years service)
• By 1622VA no money, low population, no
  alliances.

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Footholds in North America 1512-1625New England

• Thomas Weston, 1620 led 24 families on Mayflower
  to Plymouth, MASS
• Mostly Separatist Puritans who left England, went
  to Netherlands
• Gather furs lumber for 7 years own land
• Mayflower Compact
• Alliance with Squanto Samoset
• New Netherland 1609
• Settled along Hudson River, trading furs with
  Iroquois
• Established Manhattan
• Caused competition with French