Natural Selection

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Natural Selection

• Best adapted survives and reproduces!

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English Peppered Moth Example
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English Peppered Moth Example
Before industrial revolution After industrial
revolution
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Galapagos Ground Finch Study by Rosemary and
Peter Grant
In dry years average beak depth increases -birds
with large bills survive better -more large
seeds available In wet years average beak depth
decreases -birds with small bills survive
better -more small seeds available
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Antibiotic Resistance

• Antibiotic resistance happens fast!
• Antibiotics chemicals that destroy
  microorganisms like bacteria
• Genetic variation bacteria are not all the same
• Selective pressure for resistance bacteria that
  are resistant survive and their offspring survive
• Resistance comes from 1. inappropriate use2.
  patients who do not take whole prescription
• Antibiotic use in livestock 1. used in healthy
  animals 2. causes resistant bacteria

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Antibiotic resistant gene
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Bacteria with antibiotic resistant gene survive
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AND REPRODUCE THE NEXT GENERATION!!
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Properties of Water Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion holds water together within a
vessel Adhesion water sticks to vessel wall
resisting gravity
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High Surface Tension
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Properties of water(Due to hydrogen bonding)

• Cohesion/Adhesion
• High surface tension
• High specific heat
• High heat of vaporization
• Lower density as a solid than a liquid
• Good solvent
• Solute Solvent Solution

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Acids, Bases and Buffers
Acid high H
pH measure of H
Base low H
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Acid Rain Destroys Lakes
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Buildings and Statues
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Ocean Acidification

• Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil
  fuel combustion
• Oceans absorb carbon dioxide
• Ocean acidification CO2 dissolves in seawater
  and reacts with water to form carbonic acid
  (lowers ocean pH)
• Less carbonate for reef calcification

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CO2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form
carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociates into
bicarbonate and hydrogen ions Hydrogen ions
form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making
them unavailable for calcification by marine
animals such as coral Coral reefs increase
biodiversity, protect shorelines, feeding ground
for fish species (fisheries), tourism
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Succulent stores water
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Connection between photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
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Evolution of landscapes
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of Scenery Crash Course Kids 17.2 https//www.yo
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Soil Horizons
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Strategies for Body Temperature

• Endotherm most body heat obtained internally
  (from metabolism)
• Endotherms tend to be homeotherms (maintain a
  constant body temperature)
• Ectotherms most body heat obtained externally
  (from environment)
• Ectotherms tend to be poikilotherms (allow
• body temperature to fluctuate with environmental
  temperature)

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Modes of Heat Loss and Gain
Radiation heat loss or gain by a difference in
body temperature and the environment Conduction
heat loss or gain by direct contact with an
object Convection heat loss or gain by wind or
water currents Evaporation heat loss only,
cooling mechanism
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• Body Temp Heat Produced Heat Gained
  Heat Lost

(By Metabolism)
(From Environment) (To Environment)
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Osmoregulation salt and water balance
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What does osmoregulation for us?
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Special adaptations Kangaroo rats
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Excretion of nitrogenous wastes