Case Studies (Ref: Ch. 7/8) ????

1
Case Studies (Ref Ch. 7/8)????
13

• ????.?????
• ???
• mailto ckfarn_at_mgt.ncu.edu.tw
• 2010.05

2
???????

• ??????????????????
• ??????????
• ?????????????
• ??????,??????

3
??????
Strategy Form Control Contemporary events E
xperiment how, why yes yes Survey who,
what no yes where, how many, how
much Archival who, what no yes/no analysis
where, how many, how much History how,
why no no Case study how, why no yes
4
????????

• ?????
• ?????????????
• ???????(scientific generalization)???
• ??????? (analytical generalization)
• ?? frequencies (statistical generalization)
• ?????????????

5
?????(?)

• ????????????,?
• ?????????,????????(real-life context)??
• ???????????????

6
?????(?)

• ??????
• ?????????????????
• ????????????,???????????????(triangulation)
• ?????????????????(theoretical propositions)???????
  ????

7
???????

• ?????????
• ???? ? ????
• ???? ethnographic methods
• ?????????,???????
• ?,???????????

8
???????

• ???????????,?????????????????????
• ??????(????)??????????
• ???????????????????
• ???????????????,????????????????

9
???????

• ????????????(???????)??????????(?????????????????
  )
• ?????????(?????)????
• ?????????????????
• ???? construct validity
• ???? internal validity
• ???? external validity
• ?? reliability

10
????

• ??????
• ???? ? ????
• ??????
• ???????
• ?????????
• ???????
• ???????
• ?????????????????????(????????!)

11
???????

• ??????? (how why)
• ????(?????)
• ?????? (unit of analysis)
• ??????????
• ?????????

12
????

• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????,????????????
• ?????????
• ?????????????
• ???????????,?
• ??????? state a purpose
• ???????????

13
????? Unit of Analysis

• ??????????????
• ???????????????????????(??????)
• ?????????????
• ?????????????
• ???????????????
• ????????????
• ??????

14
???????

• ????????
• ???????????? (pattern-matching)
• several pieces of information from the same case
  may be related to some theoretical propositions
• time-series pattern
• systematic pattern matched with a proposition
• two potential patterns ? two rival propositions

15
??????????

• Data match one pattern better than they matched
  the other
• how close does a match have to be so as to be
  considered a match?
• Most of the time no statistical analysis
• Hope the different patterns are sufficiently
  contrasting that the findings can be interpreted
  in terms of comparing at least two rival
  propositions

16
???????????

• Theory development prior to the conduct of any
  data collection
• differ from ethnography or grounded theory
• No guidance can be more misleading
• make their field contacts as quickly as possible
• Theory development as part of the design phase is
  essential for case studies

17
???????

• The case study will show why implementation only
  succeeded when the organization was able to
  re-structure itself, and not just overly the new
  MIS on the old organizational structure. (Markus,
  1983)
• a nutshell of a theory of MIS implementation
• The case will also show why the simple
  replacement of key persons was not sufficient for
  successful implementation. (Markus, 1983)
• the nutshell of a rival theory

18
?????

• The complete research design embodies a theory
  of what is being studied
• not grand theory in social science
• Goal to have a sufficient blueprint for your
  study (and this requires theoretical
  propositions)
• Theory development takes time can be difficult
• existing works may provide a rich theoretical
  framework for designing a specific case study

19
?????

• the purpose of the descriptive effort
• the full but realistic range of topics that might
  be considered a complete description of what is
  to be studied
• the likely topic(s) that will be the essence of
  the description
• answering these questions help you toward
  developing the needed theoretical base

20
???????

• Literature provides no conceptual framework or
  hypotheses
• Should be preceded by statements about
• what is to be explored
• the purpose of the exploration
• the criteria by which the exploration will be
  judged successful
• Types (or levels) of theories
• theory of the program vs. the theory of program
  implementation

21
????????

• Theory ? Case ? Generalization
• analytic generalization
• statistical generalization
• Cases are not sampling units
• more like experiments
• a previously developed theory is used as a
  template with which to compare the empirical
  results of the case study
• replication two or more cases support the theory

22
???????

• Logical tests of any given research design
• Construct validity
• Internal validity
• External validity
• Reliability

23
????

• Establishing correct operational measures for the
  concepts being studied
• tactic phase of research
• use multiple data collection
• sources of evidence
• establish chain of data collection
• evidence
• have key informants composition
• review draft case
• study report

24
????

• Establishing a causal relationship, whereby
  certain conditions are shown to lead to other
  conditions, as distinguished from spurious
  relationships
• tactic phase of research
• do pattern-matching data analysis
• do explanation- data analysis
• building
• do time-series data analysis
• analysis

25
????

• Establishing the domain to which a studys
  findings can be generalized
• tactic phase of research
• use replication research design
• logic in multiple-
• case studies

26
??

• Demonstrating that the operations of a study -
  such as the data collection procedures can be
  repeated, which the same results
• tactic phase of research
• use case study data collection
• protocol
• develop case study data collection
• data base

27
??????
28
??????

• The critical case in testing a well formulated
  theory
• The case represents an extreme or unique case
• The revelatory case
• Holistic versus Embedded study

29
??????

• Can be expensive
• Every case should serve a specific purpose within
  the overall scope of inquiry
• Consider as multiple experiments
• following the replication logic, not the sampling
  logic
• Each case selected so that it either
• predicts similar results (a literal replication)
• produces contrasting results but for predictable
  reasons (a theoretical replication)

30
?????????????

• Case studies should not generally be used to
  assess the incidence of phenomena
• A case study would have to cover both the
  phenomenon of interest and its context, yielding
  a large number of potentially relevant variables
• this would require an impossibly large number of
  cases - too large to allow any statistical
  consideration of the relevant variables

31
????
32
Conducting Case Studies Preparation for Data
Collection

• Prior skills of the investigators
• The training and preparation for the specific
  case study
• The development of a case study protocol
• The conduct of a pilot case study
• Remember case study research is among the
  hardest types of research to do

33
Difficulties

• The data collection procedures are not routinized
• Little room for traditional research assistant
• The continuous interaction between the
  theoretical issues being studied and the data
  being collected
• Take advantage of expected opportunities
• Care against potentially biased procedures

34
Basic Required Skills

• Ask good questions - and to interpret the answers
• Be a good listener and not be trapped by his/her
  own ideologies or preconception
• Be adaptive and flexible
• Have firm grasp of the issues being studied
• Should be unbiased by preconceived notions,
  including those derived from theory

35
Case Study Protocol

• An overview of the case study project
• objectives, issues, relevant readings
• Field procedure
• credentials access to sites, sources of
  information, procedure reminders
• Case study questions
• the specific questions, table shells
• A guide for the case study report
• outline, format for narrative etc.

36
Case Study Questions

• The heart of the protocol
• Differ from those in a survey interview
• the questions are posed to you, the investigator
• each question accompanied by a list of probable
  sources of evidence
• Should reflect the full set of concerns from the
  initial design (only at the single-case level)