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Ethnographic Research

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Title: Ethnographic Research


1
Ethnographic Research
  • By
  • Michael Kotutwa Johnson
  • Submitted
  • November 9th, 2006
  • AED 615
  • Professor Franklin

2
Overview
  • What is Ethnographic Research?
  • Applied Topics and Examples
  • Sampling and Data Collection
  • Advantages and Disadvantages
  • Sample of an Ethnographic Study
  • References

3
Ethnographic Research is
  • An attempt to attain as holistic a picture as
    possible of a particular society, group,
    institution, or situation. The emphasis in
    ethnographic research is on documenting or
    portraying the everyday experiences of
    individuals by observing and interviewing them
    and relevant others.(Frankel Wallen, 2006)

4
What is Incorporated into the Ethnographic
ProcessThree Step Process
  • Provides a detailed description of
    culture-sharing group being studied.
  • An analysis of the group in terms of perceived
    themes or perspectives.
  • Interpretation of the group by the researcher as
    to the meanings or generalizations about the
    social life of human beings in general.

5
Applied Topics and Examples
  • Those that by their nature defy simply
    quantification (for example, the interaction of
    students and teachers in classroom discussions).
  • Those that involve the study of individual or
    group activities over time (such as changes that
    occur in the attitudes of at-risk students as
    they participate in a specially designed, year
    long, reading program).
  • Those involving the study of formal organizations
    in their totality (for example, schools, school
    districts, and so forth.)
  • Those that can best be understood in a natural
    (as opposed to opposite) setting (for example,
    the behavior of students at a school event.)

6
Sampling and Data Collection
7
Sampling
  • De Facto Sample
  • Sample Size Typically Small
  • No Generalization of Results
  • Replication of Findings can Best be Determined by
    Replication of Their Work in other Settings or
    Situations by other Researchers.

8
Ethnographic Data Collection
  • 1. Participant Observation
  • a. Field Notes
  • b. Field Jottings
  • c. Reflective Field Notes
  • 2. Interviewing
  • a. Structured
  • b. Semistructured
  • c. Informal
  • d. Retrospective

9
Advantages and Disadvantages
10
Advantages
  • Richer Comprehensive Prospective.
  • Lends Itself Well to Research Topics that are not
    Easily Quantified.
  • Particularly Appropriate to Behaviors that are
    Best Understood by Observing Them within their
    Natural Settings.
  • Especially Suited to Studying Group Behavior over
    Time.

11
Disadvantages
  • Highly Dependent on the Particular Researchers
    Observations and Interpretations.
  • No Numerical Data Provided Leads to Checking of
    Validity of the Researchers Conclusions.
  • Single Situations Usually Observed Leads to
    Non-Generalizable Results.
  • Inevitable Ambiguity that Accompanies this
    method, Preplanning and Review by Others are much
    less Useful than in Quantitative Studies.
  • Variables and Relationships are hard to Define
    due to Research Usually beginning without and
    Hypothesis.

12
Sample of an Ethnographic Study
  • The permeable institution An ethnographic study
    of three acute psychiatric wards in London
  • By
  • Alan Quirk, Paul Lelliott and Clive Seale
  • Published in 2006

13
What is the Study About?
  • This paper examines the issue of permeability to
    the outside world from within a modern
    psychiatric world. It involves interviews with
    patients, patient advocates and staff on 3
    psychiatric wards.

14
References
  • Ellen, R.F. (1984) Ethnographic research A guide
    to general conduct. London
  • Academic Press Inc.
  • Fraenkal, J.R. Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to
    design and evaluate research and education. New
    York McGraw Hill.
  • Genzuk, M. (1999). A synthesis of ethnographic
    research. Retrieved October 29, 2006, from
    http//www.rcf.usc.edu/genzuck/Ethnographic_Resea
    rch.html
  • LeCompte, M.D., Goetz, J.P. (1982). Problems of
    reliability and validity in ethnographic
    research. Review of Education Research, 52(1),
    31-60.
  • Quirk, A., Lelliot, P., Seale, C. (2006). The
    permeable institution An ethnographic study of
    three acute psychiatric wards in London. Social
    Sciences Medicine, (63), 2105-2117.
  • Werner, O., Schoepfle, G.M. (1987) Systematic
    fieldwork Ethnographic analysis and data
    management. Newbury Park SAGE Publications.

15
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