Designing forConstruction Site Safety- 2 to 4 hour

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PREVENTION OF FALL FATALITIES AND INJURIES IN
CONSTRUCTION
INSERT SPEAKER NAME, TITLE, AND ORGANIZATION
INFORMATION
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Overview

• OSHA Alliance Program
• OSHA Alliance Program Construction Roundtable
• U.S. Construction Accident and Fall Statistics
• Safe Practices
• Resources
• Summary

Through the OSHA Alliance Program, this
presentation was developed by members of the
Alliance Program Construction Roundtable for
informational purposes only. It does not
necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or
the U.S. Department of Labor . (September 2008)
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Alliance Program

• OSHA and the participating organizations
  define, implement,
  and meet a set of
  short- and long-term
  goals that fall
  into three
  categories
• Training and education
• Outreach and communication
• Promoting the national dialogue
  on safety and
  health
• Sharing technical expertise,
  developing and
  disseminating
  compliance assistance
  products
  with participants
• Provides OSHA access to millions
• of employers and employees

John R. Miller, President, SIA. Edwin G. Foulke,
Jr., Assistant Secretary, USDOL-OSHA and Richard
J. Marshall, then-Executive Vice President, SIA
sign a national Alliance agreement on February
25, 2008
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OSHA Alliance Program Construction Roundtable

• Purpose of Alliance Roundtable
• Success of Alliance Program Construction
  Roundtable
• Fall Protection Workgroup
• Design for Safety (DfS) Workgroup
• Presentations

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OSHA Alliance Program Construction Roundtable
Members

• American Industrial Hygiene Association
• American Society of Safety Engineers
• Concrete Sawing and Drilling Association
• Construction Institute-American Society of Civil
  Engineers
• Independent Electrical Contractors
• Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North America
• National Association of Home Builders
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and
  Health
• Sealant Waterproofing and Restoration Institute
• National Safety Council
• Sealant Waterproofing and Restoration Institute
• Washington Division of URS Corporation

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Alliance Program Construction Roundtable Products

• Design for Safety Workgroup
• Design for Construction Safety Web site
• Introduction to Designing for Construction
  Safety presentation
• Design for Construction Safety 2 4
  Hour Course
• Washington Division of URS Case Study,
  "Washington Group International Designs and
  Builds a Mixed-Waste Treatment Facility."
  February 2007
• Fall Protection Workgroup
• Safety Tips Sheets
• Fall Protection presentation
• Toolbox Talks

Picture of Toolbox Talks Ladder Safety
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Design for Construction Safety Web Site
Screen Capture of Design for Construction Safety
Web site
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Alliance Program Construction Roundtable
Screen Capture of OSHAs Alliance Program
Construction Roundtable Web Page
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U.S. Construction Accident Statistics1

• Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,226 deaths
  each year
• 5.5 of workforce but 21.5 of fatalities
• Construction has one of the highest fatality
  rates of any industry sector
• SIGNIFICANCE NEARLY 100 DEATHS PER MONTH
• 1 Bureau of Labor Statistics-2006

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U.S. Construction Fall Fatality Statistics1

• Total Falls
  433
• From roof edge
  74
• From scaffold, staging
  70
• From ladders
  68
• To lower level
  48
• Through floor opening, floor surface,
• ground to lower level
  31
• From structural steel
  24
• Through skylight
  23
• From non-moving vehicle
  22
• Through roof surface, roof opening
  20
• 1Bureau of Labor Statistics-2006
  

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Fall Speed vs. Reaction Time
In 1 second your body will fall 16 feet
Good body reaction time 0.5 seconds
Travel distance in 0.5 seconds 4 feet
By the time you react your body will be 4
feet below where you were standing
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• When Do You Need Fall Protection?
• OSHAs Regulation 29 CFR 1926.501 (b) under
  Subpart M requires fall protection wherever the
  potential to fall six feet or more exists.
• Fall protection is required when you are
• Near an unprotected roof edge
• Working in a unguarded mezzanine and balcony
  edges

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When Do You Need Fall Protection?

• Fall protection is also required in the following
• locations
• Working off aerial lift
• Unguarded scaffolding 10 feet or higher

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Reducing Fall Fatalities and Injuries

• Design Professionals Design Professionals need
  to be cognizant to design with health and safety
  in mind. Design permanent building features so
  that fall protection is not needed. This
  eliminates the chance of an accident if fall
  protection is not provided, provided but not
  used, or not used properly
• Contractors It is the contractors
  responsibility to enforce compliance with safety
  practices with regard to ladders, scaffolds, and
  instances where fall protection is necessary
• Workers It is the workers responsibility to
  apply the safety practices with regard to
  ladders, scaffolds, and instances where fall
  protection is necessary

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Types of Fall Prevention and Protection Systems

• Passive Systems prevent falls by placing a
  physical barrier between the worker and the
  hazard (e.g. guardrails).
• Active Systems protect workers by limiting the
  fall to a specified distance and also limit the
  amount of force the worker is subjected to in the
  event of a fall (e.g. personal fall arrest
  systems).

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Personal Fall-Arrest Systems

• A Personal Fall-Arrest System is a system used to
  arrest an employee in a fall from a working
  level.
• Any person ordered to work with at height who has
  an increase risk of falling off of
  structures/buildings should wear a personal
  fall arrest system.

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Personal Fall-Arrest Systems

• Personal Fall-Arrest Systems, when
• stopping a fall shall be rigged such that
• a worker can neither free fall more than
• six feet, nor contact any lower level.
• Must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000
  pounds.

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• Personal Fall-Arrest Systems
• A personal fall-arrest system shall consist of
  the following
• Anchorage points, Full body harness, Shock
  Absorbing Lanyard, Lifeline, Rope-grabs,
  Connectors
• All components of the fall arrest system shall be
  fully compatible.

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Full Body Harness

• Must be the right size for you.
• The attachment point of a body
• harness shall be located on the
• Rear D-ring between shoulders when working from a
  suspended scaffold or an aerial lift Front D-ring
  when working from a bosuns chair.
• Harness must be adjusted snugly starting with leg
  straps, then waist, shoulders and chest.

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Lanyards

• Used to connect a body harness
• to a lifeline, rope-grab, or
• anchorage point.
• Shall be the appropriate length
• Bosuns chair 2 feet or less
• Suspended scaffold 3 to 4 feet
• Aerial lift 4 to 6 feet
• Attach to
• Rear D-ring on harness between shoulders
• when working on suspended scaffolds and
• aerial lifts.
• Front D-ring when working from a bosuns chair.
• Be protected against being cut or abraded.

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Lifelines

• Vertical - connected to an anchorage at one end
  to hang vertically.
• Horizontal - connected to anchorages at both ends
  to stretch horizontally.

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Lifelines

• Are used as a means of connecting other
  components of a Personal Fall-Arrest System.
• Shall be protected from contact with any surface
  that may abrade, weaken, damage or sever it.
• Shall be removed from service as recommended by
  the manufacturer.

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Falls From Roof Edge
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Falls From Roof Edge-Specify Parapets

• IBC paragraph 704.11.1 requires that a parapet
  wall be at least 30 inches high
• OSHA 1926 Subpart M requires a 39-45 inch
  guardrail or other fall protection
• If the design professional specifies a 39-45 inch
  high parapet wall, fall protection would not be
  required

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Falls From Roof Edge

• Other features that Design Professionals should
  consider
• Locate mechanical equipment away from the roof
  edge or on the ground

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Design Permanent Anchorage Points
Design Professionals can design fixed anchorage
points so that workers will have a convenient,
safe point to tie off when personal fall arrest
systems are needed.
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Design of Anchorage Points

• An anchorage is a secure point of attachment for
  lifelines lanyards or deceleration devices
• Must be independent of any anchorage being used
  for equipment tiebacks
• Must be independent of the means of
• supporting or suspending the worker
• Must be capable of supporting at
• least 5,000 pounds per worker
• Sound anchorages include certified
• roof anchors as well as structural
• members.

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Design Permanent Anchorage Points Residential
Fall Protection
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Falls From Scaffolds/Staging
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Falls From Scaffolds/Staging

• Scaffolds shall be fully planked
• Scaffolds shall have guardrails or personal fall
  arrest systems
• Scaffolds shall have a safe means of access

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Falls From Aerial Lifting Devices
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Falls From Ladders
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Falls From Ladders-Specify Fixed Ladders or
Stairways
Specify fixed ladders or stairways whenever
possible


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Falls From Ladders

• Position portable ladders to the side rails to
  extend at least 3 feet above the landing
• Secure side rails at top or use a grab device
  when 3 foot extension is not possible
• Use 3-point contact rule
• Position base of ladder one foot away from wall
  for every four feet of ladder length

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Falls From Height
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Falls From Height-Specify 39-45 Inch High Window
Sills
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Falls From Height-Specify Pre-Fabrication
Building Components
Concrete Wall Panels
Concrete Segmented Bridge
Steel Stairs
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Falls From Height-Specify Pre-Fabricated
Steelwork1

• 1 www.safetyindesign.org

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Falls From Height-Specify Pre-Fabricated Service
Risers1

• 1 www.safetyindesign.org

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Falls from Floor Openings
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• Falls From Floor Openings-Guardrails
• Perimeter guarding shall consist of a mid-rail,
  top rail, toe-board system. The top edge height
  of the rail shall be 42/-3 inches and the
  mid-rail should be between the top and the
  walking/working level.

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Falls From Floor Openings-Specify Cast-in
Sockets For Railings1

• 1 www.safetyindesign.org

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Falls From Floor Openings

• Contractor can
• Install temporary guardrails for temporary floor
  openings
• Install a cover for temporary floor openings and
  holes

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Falls From Structural Steel
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Falls From Structural Steel

• Avoid hanging connections design to bear on
  columns instead using safety seats
• Require holes in columns for tie lines 21 and
  42 above each floor slab
• Specify shop welded connections instead of bolts
  or field welds to avoid dangerous positions
  during erection
• Consider approximate dimensions of connection
  tools to prevent pinches or awkward assemblies

National Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel
Erectors Association of America. Detailing Guide
for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. 2001
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Falls Through Skylights
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Falls Through Skylights-Specify Guards
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Falls Through Roof Surface/Roof Opening

• Provide Dedicated Walkways to Access Equipment on
  Roof
• Design roof structure so that it can carry stacks
  of roofing materials
• Highlight hazardous and no-walk areas with red
  highlighting paint or other visual warnings.

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Falls From Non-Moving Vehicles
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Falls From Non-Moving Vehicles-Trailer Access
Platform

• 1 www.safetyindesign.org

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Fall Prevention Resources

• OSHA
• Alliance Program Construction Roundtable Web Page
• http//www.osha.gov/dcsp/alliances/roundtables
  /roundtablesconstruction.html
• Fall Protection Safety and Health Topics Page
• http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/index.
  html
• OSHAs Construction Pocket Guide
  http//www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.htm
  l
• Other
• Design for Construction Safety Web Site
• http//www.designforconstructionsafety.org
• NIOSH Prevention Through Design Web Page
• http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/PTD
• Safety in Design

Picture of OSHA's Construction Pocket Guide