DOE Response to Radiological Release from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant

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DOE Response to Radiological Release from the
Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant
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BWR Design

• Fuel rods in the reactor vessel create heat
• Steam-water mixture is separated at the top of
  the reactor vessel
• Steam turns the turbine
• Water is pumped out of the condenser and
  re-circulated through the reactor vessel
• Water is condenser cooled by sea water in Japan

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Mark I Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
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Overview of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant

• 6 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) plants
• Fuel Type UO2
• Output (MWe)
• Unit 1 460
• Unit 2-5 784
• Unit 6 1,100

• Years of commercial operation 32-38
• Plant status on March 11
• Unit 13 In operation since Fall 2010
• Unit 4-6 Refueling Outage

Spent Fuel Pools 1 2 3 4 5 6
of Spent Fuel Assemblies 292 587 514 1331 946 876
of New Fuel Assemblies 100 28 52 204 48 64
Water Volume (m3) 1,020 1,425 1,425 1,425 1,425 1,497
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Statement of Problem
Source Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency
(NISA)
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Accident Summary
http//www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/fukushima-np/f1/image
s/f12np-gaiyou_e_1.pdf
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Root Cause of Damage
Source Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency
(NISA)
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Core Damage Sequence
www.nuceng.ca/refer/japan/FukishimaEvent-FPLSummar
y.ppt
Core Uncovered
Fuel Overheating
Fuel melting - Core Damaged
Containment pressurizes. Leakage possible at
drywell head
Releases of hydrogen into secondary containment
Core Damaged but retained in vessel
Some portions of core melt into lower RPV head
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Unit 4 Fuel Pool - June 29

TEPCO Photo provided by Genn Saji
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Summary of Fukushima Dai-ichi Damage(Courtesy of
AMS)
Unit 2
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4
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Unit 3
Unit 4
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Unit 3
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Unit 4
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Estimated Releases
Nuclide NISA1 NSC2 Chernobyl
I-131 1.6X1017 Bq 1.5X1017 Bq 1.8X1018 Bq
Cs-137 1.5X1016 Bq 1.2X1016 Bq 8.5X1016 Bq
1 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (June 6, 2011 Press Release) 1 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (June 6, 2011 Press Release) 1 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (June 6, 2011 Press Release) 1 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (June 6, 2011 Press Release)
2 Japan Nuclear Safety Commission 2 Japan Nuclear Safety Commission 2 Japan Nuclear Safety Commission 2 Japan Nuclear Safety Commission
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Public Protection Measures

• March 12 Government of Japan established
  mandatory evacuation zone for people living
  within a 20 km radius of the Fukushima Daiichi
  NPP and recommended shelter-in-place for people
  living within 20-30 km
• March 13 US Embassy issued an advisory
  restricting travel US citizens within 80 km of
  the Fukushima NPP
• March 16 US Embassy and US Forces Japan (USFJ)
  authorized voluntary departure for dependents

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DOE Support to Operation Tomodachi

• Mission
• Assess the consequences of releases from the
  Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP)

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Deploy Assets to Operation Tomodachi

• Objectives
• Assist the State Department mission to advise
  American citizens on protective action and
  evacuation guidelines
• Assist DoD in its mission to safely conduct
  humanitarian assistance/disaster relief
  operations and to provide advice on
  departure/return of military dependents
• Partner with the Government of Japan (GOJ)
  through the State Department to aid in developing
  guidelines for protection of the public
  potentially affected by the releases

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DOE/NNSA Radiological Incident Response

• Capabilities
• Predictive modeling
• Data collection
• Measurements
• Air
• Ground
• Samples
• Data assessment
• Data interpretation/ communication

• Resources
• Fixed
• Nuclear Incident Team (NIT)
• National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center
  (NARAC)
• Consequence Management Home Team (CMHT)
• Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training
  Site (REAC/TS)
• Radiological Triage
• Deployed
• Aerial Measuring System (AMS)
• Consequence Management Response Team (CMRT)
• Radiological Assistance Program (RAP)

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DOE Timeline

• March 11
• DOE/NNSA activated the following assets
• Nuclear Incident Team (NIT) in Washington, DC
• DOE/NNSA Consequence Management expertise on the
  US Agency for International Development (USAID)
  Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) in
  Tokyo
• National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center
  (NARAC) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
  (LLNL)
• Consequence Management Home Team (CMHT) at Remote
  Sensing Laboratory (RSL) with outreach to Sandia
  National Laboratory (SNL), LLNL, and Los Alamos
  National Laboratory (LANL)
• The Radiation Emergency Assistance
  Center/Training Site (REAC/TS) in Oak Ridge, TN

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DOE Timeline (contd)

• March 14, 2011
• At White House direction, DOE deployed a tailored
  CMRT and AMS capability via military airlift to
  Yokota Air Base

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Hangar 1503 DOEs home at Yokota AB
Tent in background is AFRATs lab
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Field Team

• Attributes

• Composition

• Experienced operate in a unique mission space.
• Interdisciplinary address all aspects of
  mission.
• Adaptable dynamic environment and non-standard
  measurement platforms.
• Communicate risk to partners and decision-makers.

• Small field footprint with large capability
• 33 personnel to Yokota AB
• 12 scientists of many disciplines (nuclear, GIS,
  environmental, 5 PhDs, 2 CHPs)
• Technicians with a diverse skill set
• 1 DOE HQ liaison to US embassy, Tokyo

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F RMAC
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Distribution of responsibilities

• Field
• monitoring and sampling
• preliminary data assessment
• product development
• CMHT
• detailed assessment
• coordination of sample analysis
• response to requests for information/assistance

• NIT
• initial command and control of deploying assets
• coordination and communication for field assets
  and headquarters elements
• Embassy
• assessment interpretation for Ambassador
• coordination of bilateral monitoring and
  assessment activities

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DOE Timeline (contd)

• March 16 CM Assets arrive at Yokota AB and fly
  first AMS Test flight
• March 17 First aerial measurement activities
  over plant conducted first field monitoring
  mission completed
• March 22 Initial data published on DOE website

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Bilateral activities
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Stakeholders

• United States

• Japan

• Department of State
• American Embassy
• Department of Defense
• US Forces Japan (USFJ)
• Department of Energy (DOE)
• National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission
• Advisory Team for Environment , Food and Health

• Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
• Nuclear Safety Commission
• Ministry of Defense (MOD)
• Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
• Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA)
• Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
  Technology (MEXT)
• Nuclear Safety Technology Center (NUSTEC)
• Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
  (MAFF)
• Ministry of Health, Labour Welfare (MLHW)

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Coordination Advisory Activities

• DOE aviation support requirements with USFJ
• Radiological consequence management advice for US
  Ambassador
• Planning, operations, and assessment with
  applicable Ministries and agencies of the
  government of Japan
• Field expedient early warning system for US
  Embassy and USFJ to be used while reactors were
  considered unstable

These activities aided key leaders in
decision-making and informed DOE monitoring and
assessment efforts
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Aerial measuring SYSTEM activities
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Aerial Monitoring

• What was done

• Why it was done

• Fixed wing and helicopter
• Up to 3 aircraft per day
• Surveys over US bases
• Joint DOE GOJ survey

• Map ground deposition out to 80 km from FDNPP
• Support evacuation, relocation, agricultural
  decisions

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AMS on USAF Aircraft
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Typical flight path
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Typical Results
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Summary of Activities

• Daily aerial measuring missions over US
  installations and in the area around the FDNPP
• gt 85 flights
• gt 490 flight hours
• Orientation on flying aerial measuring missions
  for USFJ and GOJ assets

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Field monitoring activities
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Ground monitoring

• What was done

• Why it was done

• Mobile monitoring
• In-situ measurements
• Exposure rate measurements
• Air sampling
• Soil samples
• Swipes

• Calibrate aerial measurements
• Define Isotopic mix
• Characterize the inhalation component of
  integrated dose
• Assess vertical and horizontal migration of
  deposited material

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Mobile monitoring
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In SITU
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Exposure rate measurements
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Air sampling
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Soil sampling
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Core Sampling
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Summary of Activities

• Daily monitoring activities at the U.S. Embassy,
  U.S. military installations, and in support of
  ground truth measurements for AMS.
• gt 590 air samples
• gt 110 in situ spectra
• gt 95 soil samples

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Assessment Activities
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Assessment Activities

• Field
• Preliminary evaluation of raw data
• Ground level exposure rate from aerial
  measurement
• Deposited activity by isotope
• Activity concentration in air
• Referenced to protective action measures
• Inform future mission planning

• CMHT
• Detailed analysis of raw monitoring and sampling
  data
• Trend analysis and quality control
• Integrated dose assessment
• Analysis of postulated scenarios to inform future
  planning

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Representative results
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Sources of Data

• DOE/NNSA aerial measurements
• DOE/NNSA field monitoring (measurements and
  samples)
• US Air Force Radiation Assessment Team (AFRAT)
  monitoring (measurements and samples)
• Monitoring by USFJ assets in-country (US Army,
  Navy, Marine Corps)
• MEXT aerial measurement results
• Japanese sensor data

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Maiden Aviation Voyage
Maiden Aviation Voyage
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Joint Survey Final Results
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Seawater Map
Water Deposition Map
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Then and now

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Field Team Activity Successes

• DOE was able to perform on-the-fly analysis to
  deal with multiple  ongoing releases, unknown
  source terms, challenging terrain as well as
  non-technical pressures.
• DOE Scientists developed customized products for
  U.S. military (data products, InField Monitoring
  System).
• DOE scientists embedded with Japanese scientists
  to create joint data products.

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Activity to date

• Daily aerial measuring system missions over US
  installations and in the area around the FDNPS
• gt80 flights
• gt450 flight hours
• Daily monitoring activities at the U.S. Embassy,
  U.S. military installations, and in support of
  ground truth measurements for AMS.
• gt590 air samples
• gt 110in situ spectra
• gt95 soil sample

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Assessment

• An assessment of measurements gathered through
  April 20 continues to show
• Radiation levels continue to decrease
• No measurable deposit of radiological material
  since March 19
• US bases and facilities all measure dose rates
  below 32 microrem/hr (32 millionths of a REM) a
  level with no known health risks
• Agricultural monitoring and possible intervention
  will be required for several hundred square
  kilometers surrounding the site
• Soil and water samples are the only definitive
  method to determine agricultural countermeasures
• Ground monitoring can give better fidelity to
  identify areas that require agricultural sampling

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End State

• USFJ and Government of Japan to continue
  monitoring activities as needed
• Japanese trained equipped to fly DOE AMS
• Japanese equipped with an enhanced laboratory
  analysis capability
• USFJ trained equipped to fly contigency AMS
• DOE continues to support Japanese and USFJ from
  Home Team

Resilience following a nuclear catastrophe
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Miscellaneous HP gear in Hangar 1503
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Miscellaneous detectors in Hangar 1503
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Soil core sample in situ
In situ AMS overhead
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Summary of Damage
Unit 2
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BACKUP SLIDES
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