NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

• SITKI GÜNER

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ISOTOPE

• Isotopes are any of the several different forms
  of an element each having different atomic mass
  (mass number). Isotopes of an element have nuclei
  with the same number of protons (the same atomic
  number) but different numbers of neutrons.

Stable Structure
Unstable Structure
Unstable Structure
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ISOTOPE

• Unstable nucleus is called RADIOACTIVE nucleus.

KararliYapi
KararsizYapi
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WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are
  also the source of nuclear energy. A strong
  energy bond holds particles together inside the
  nucleus of an atom. If the nucleus is broken
  apart, or split, it releases energy in a process
  called NUCLEAR FISSION. Under precise conditions,
  we can split an atoms nucleus by striking it
  with small particles called neutrons. Splitting
  certain very heavy atoms, such as some forms of
  uranium, into lighter atoms allows additional
  neutrons and energy to be produced. Under the
  right circumstances, these neutrons will strike
  other uranium atoms, causing more atoms to
  fission. When this takes place as a continuous
  chain reaction under controlled conditions, it
  releases heat in useful amounts. It also makes
  the uranium and some fissioned atoms intensely
  radioactive.

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NUCLEAR FISSION
Nuclear fission is utilized to release binding
energy of the atom. Fission occurs when a neutron
absorbed into the nucleus causes atomic
instability such that the nucleus fractures. The
fission of the uranium expels í neutrons and
releases heat energy (Q).
The emitted neutrons (í 2-3 neutrons per
fission) sustain the chain reaction. The atomic
fission produces 2-3 fission fragments (X). For
each fission, approximately 200 MeV of energy is
released as the nucleus is split apart. Using
this value allows us to calculate the number of
atoms of U-235 that must be fissioned per second
to produce a thermal power of one watt.
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WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?
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WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?
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WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?

• When two light nuclei come into very close
  contact with each other it is possible for the
  strong force to fuse the two together. It takes a
  great deal of energy to push the nuclei close
  enough together for the strong force to have an
  effect. This process is called NUCLEAR FUSION.
  The process of nuclear fusion can only take place
  at very high temperatures or high densities.

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WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?

• Once the nuclei are close enough together the
  strong force overcomes their electromagnetic
  repulsion and squishes them into a new nucleus. A
  very large amount of energy is released when
  light nuclei fuse together because the binding
  energy per nucleon increases with mass number up
  until nickel-62. Stars like our sun are powered
  by the fusion of four protons into a helium
  nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos. The
  uncontrolled fusion of hydrogen into helium is
  known as a thermonuclear weapon. Research to find
  an economically viable method of using energy
  from a controlled fusion reaction is currently
  being undertaken by various research
  establishments.

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WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?
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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

• Similar to fossil power plants, nuclear power
  plants produce steam to drive a turbine-generator
  set to make electricity. The heat source for
  todays nuclear power plants is the fissioning of
  uranium in contrast to combustion for the fossil
  units.

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NUCLEAR FUEL

• The fuel for nuclear power plants is enriched
  uranium. Natural uranium is composed, for all
  practical purposes, of 99.3 of the isotope U-238
  and only 0.7 of U-235.
• U-235 readily fissions with thermal (low energy)
  neutrons whereas U-238 does not. Therefore, an
  artificial enrichment process is employed to
  raise the fraction of U-235 to a few percent
  (e.g., 3 to 4).

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NUCLEAR FUEL

• The fuel pellets are stacked into a Zircaloy clad
  fuel rod. Many fuel rods are placed in a square
  lattice to construct a fuel assembly.

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NUCLEAR FUEL

• A couple hundred fuel assemblies are generally
  needed to fuel the entire reactor core. The
  reactor core is housed in a reactor pressure
  vessel that is composed of steel 8 to 10 inches
  thick.

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NUCLEAR REACTOR

• A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear
  chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and
  sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a
  nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs
  in a fraction of a second and is uncontrolled.
• The most significant use of nuclear reactors is
  as an energy source for the generation of
  electrical power and for the power in some ships.
  This is usually accomplished by methods that
  involve using heat from the nuclear reaction to
  power steam turbines.

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NUCLEAR REACTOR

• Conventional thermal power plants all have a fuel
  source to provide heat. For a nuclear power
  plant, this heat is provided by nuclear fission
  inside the nuclear reactor. When this nuclear
  chain reaction is controlled, the energy released
  can be used to heat water, produce steam and
  drive a turbine that generates electricity. It
  should be noted that a nuclear explosive involves
  an uncontrolled chain reaction, and the rate of
  fission in a reactor is not capable of reaching
  sufficient levels to trigger a nuclear explosion
  (even if the fission reactions increased to a
  point of being out of control, it would melt the
  reactor assembly rather than form a nuclear
  explosion).

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NUCLEAR REACTOR
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NUCLEAR REACTOR

• 1. Reactor Core
• 2. Control Rod
• 3. Pressure Vessel
• 4. Pressurizer
• 5. Steam Generator
• 6. Primary Coolant Pump
• 7. Containment
• 8. Turbine
• 9. Generator
• 10. Condenser
• 11. Feedwater pump
• 12. Feedwater heater

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NUCLEAR REACTOR

• Nuclear Reactors are classified by several
  methods. The standard modern reactor design is
  Pressurized Water Reactor. This type is the most
  common use reactor type. Boiling Water Reactors
  and Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors are
  another most common use reactor types.

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THE PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR)

• PWRs utilize two coolant loops with an
  intermediate heat exchanger (steam generator).
  The reactor core heats the primary reactor
  coolant (water) to about 600F at which point it
  flows to the steam generator. After transferring
  its heat to the secondary water in the steam
  generator, the temperature of the primary coolant
  is reduced to about 540F. The reactor coolant is
  then circulated by a pump back to the reactor
  core.

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THE PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR)
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BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR)

• BWRs utilize a single coolant loop and therefore
  boil water in the reactor core. The produced
  steam is sent directly to the turbine. The steam
  pressure is about 1100 psia, which corresponds
  to a steam temperature of 556F. Jet pumps at the
  reactor pressure vessel provide forced coolant
  circulation through the reactor core.

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BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR)
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NUCLEAR REACTOR TYPES

• (1) Pressurized water reactors (PWRs),
• (2) Boiling water reactors (BWRs),
• (3) Lliquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR),
• (4) High temperature gas-cooled reactors
  (HTGRs),
• (5) Heavy water reactors (CANDU), and
• (6) Gas-cooled reactors (CGRs) configuration.

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VI GENERATION NUCLEAR REACTORS
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Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor
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Molten Salt Reactor
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Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor
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Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
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Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor
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Very-High-Temperature Reactor
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NUCLEAR SAFETY

• Security arrangements against the theft of
  nuclear materials ensure that material of
  potential proliferation concern is appropriately
  protected from wrongful use. It complements the
  nuclear material and accountancy 'safeguards'
  system. It is also important that nuclear
  facilities and nuclear material are protected
  against criminal or malevolent acts because of
  the potential risk to public health, safety and
  the environment.

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NUCLEAR ACCIDENT

• Two important nuclear accidents have been
  performed up until now. These are Three Mile
  island Incident (28th MArch 1979) and Chernobyl
  Accident (26th April 1986)

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NUCLEAR ACCIDENT

• Three Mile island Incident (1979) The Three Mile
  Island incident, coupled with the release of the
  disaster film The China Syndrome greatly impacted
  the public's perception of nuclear power. Many
  human factors engineering improvements were made
  to American power plants in the wake of Three
  Mile Island's partial meltdown.

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NUCLEAR ACCIDENT

• Chernobyl Accident (1986) The Chernobyl accident
  in 1986 further alarmed the public about nuclear
  power. While design differences between the RBMK
  reactor used at Chernobyl and most western
  reactors virtually eliminate the possibility of
  such an accident occurring outside of the former
  Soviet Union, it is only recently that the
  general public in the United States has started
  to embrace nuclear energy.

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THE REASONS OF TMI-2 NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
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THE REASONS OF CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
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NUCLEAR ENERGY IN TURKEY

• Although Turkey has not a nuclear energy program,
  there are rich nuclear material seams

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NUCLEAR MATERIAL RESERVE IN TURKEY
Köprübasi 0.04 0.05 U3O8 ortalama tenörlü 2852 ton
Fakili 0.05 U3O8 ortalama tenörlü 490 ton
Küçükçavdar 0.05 U3O8 ortalama tenörlü 208 ton
Demirtepe 0.08 U3O8 ortalama tenörlü 1729 ton
Sorgun 0.1 U3O8 ortalama tenörlü 3850 ton

• Turkey has the best Thorium reserve in the world.

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NUCLEAR INSTITUTIONS IN TURKEY
Adi Tesis No Tipi Gücü Durumu Isletici Kurulus
TR-1 Arastirma Reaktörü TRA MTR Yakitli Havuz Tipi 1 MW Çalismiyor TAEK, ÇNAEM
TR-2 Arastirma Reaktörü TRB MTR Yakitli Havuz Tipi 5 MW - 300 kW sinirli çalisma izni,- Yeniden Isletmeye Alma sürecinde TAEK, ÇNAEM
TRIGA MARK II Arastirma Reaktörü TRC Darbeli TRIGA tipi 250 kW Isletmede ITÜ Enerji Enstitüsü
Yakit Pilot Tesisi TRD - - Lisanslama asamasinda TAEK, ÇNAEM