Players in Coastal Hazard Management

1
Players in Coastal Hazard Management

• Government
• Federal
• State
• Local
• Regional
• Private Landowners and Investors
• Non-Government Organizations

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.1
2
Land Ownership The Bundle of Sticks

• Rights
• Privileges
• Restrictions
• Duties

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.2
3
Rights of Ownership

• The right of possession
• The right to control
• The right of enjoyment
• The right of disposition

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.3
4
Limits on Ownership

• Common law restrictions on property uses
• The police power
• Eminent domain
• Property taxation

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.4
5
Factors in Coastal Development Decisions

• Demand
• Risk
• Hazards
• Regulation
• Infrastructure
• Time Value of Money

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.5
6
Ways to Affect Private Sector Development
Decisions

• Public information programs
• Control infrastructure extensions into hazardous
  areas
• Policies that require hazard mitigation
• Impact fees for services in hazardous areas
• Density bonuses for projects outside
• Low-cost loans for mitigation
• Subsidies for relocation out of hazardous areas
• Streamlined permitting in hazard-free areas
• Differential loan rates for hazard areas

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.6
7
Non-Governmental Organizations

• Natural Resources Defense Council
• Sierra Club
• Center for Marine Conservation
• other environmental and public interest groups

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.7
8
Non-Governmental Organizations Land Trusts

• The Nature Conservancy
• Local groups

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.8
9
Non-Governmental Organizations Private Interest
Groups

• Investment organizations
• Energy organizations
• Development organizations

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.9
10
Non-Governmental Organizations Professional
Associations

• floodplain managers
• emergency managers
• planners/architects
• engineers
• builders
• bankers/insurers
• landscapers

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.10
11
Government Coalitions

• chambers of commerce
• leagues of municipalities
• county government leagues
• regional councils of government

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.11
12
Third Sector Capabilities

• mobilize public and political support
• shape public opinion
• attract diverse funding
• leverage scarce resources

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.12
13
Approaches to Government Regulation of Coastal
Development

• Withhold government subsidies for development
• Land use planning
• Restrict/prohibit structures

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.13
14
Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters

• New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes of 1811-1812
• Chicago Fire of 1873
• Johnstown, Pennsylvania Dam Break in 1889
• Galveston Hurricane of 1900
• San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906
• Miami Hurricane of 1926
• Lower Mississippi Flood of 1927
• New England Hurricane of 1938

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.14
15
Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s

• Disaster loans made available for public
  facilities
• Flood Control Act of 1934 U.S. Army Corps of
  Engineers
• Zoning becomes judicially accepted, but is not
  used to limit building in hazard areas

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.15
16
Federal Disaster Response in the 1950s

• The Cold War presents the principal disaster
  risk
• More ad hoc disaster legislation for natural
  disasters
• Hurricane Hazel, 1954
• Hurricane Diana, 1955
• Hurricane Audrey, 1957

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.16
17
Federal Disaster Response in the 1960s

• Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1961
• Natural Disasters
• Ash Wednesday Storm
• Prince William Sound earthquake/tsunami
• Hurricane Betsy
• Hurricane Camille
• National Flood Insurance Program enacted, 1968

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.17
18
Federal Disaster Response in the 1970s

• 100 federal agencies with responsibility for
  risk and disasters
• Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1979

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.18
19
Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s and
1990s

• The role of the federal government/FEMA is
  called into question.
• The emergency management system fails to respond
  adequately to major disasters
• Hurricane Hugo, 1989
• Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989
• Hurricane Andrew, 1992
• Hurricane Iniki, 1992

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.19
20
A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery

• James Lee Witt named Director of FEMA
• FEMA responds successfully to Midwest Floods of
  1993
• Largest voluntary buyout and relocation program
  moves people and property out of the floodplain

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.20
21
Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s

• Directorship of FEMA elevated to cabinet level
• FEMA increases emphasis on disaster mitigation
• FEMA encourages disaster-resistant communities

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.21
22
Post September 11th

• Department of Homeland Security created
• FEMA housed in the Emergency Preparedness and
  Response Directorate

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.22
23
Federal Disaster Assistance A Moral Hazard?

• The availability of federal disaster assistance,
  flood insurance and other benefits inadvertently
  contributes to a false sense of security and
  removes incentives to reduce personal and local
  hazards.

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.23
24
State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas

• Direct regulation of environmentally sensitive
  areas
• Coastal setbacks
• Limit public provision of infrastructure
• Mandatory building codes
• Mandate local planning

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.24
25
Local Land Use Management Tools

• comprehensive land use plans
• zoning/subdivision ordinances
• capital improvement programs
• historic district regulations
• land acquisition programs
• targeted taxation assessments
• impact fees
• annexation programs

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.25
26
Disaster Resilient Local Communities

• Property tax base located in safe areas
• Property built to withstand natural hazards
• Economically secure
• Financially stable
• Sustainable

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.26
27
Issues of Regional Concern

• public policy
• administration
• resource management
• pollution control
• economic development
• other social, political, or environmental
  concerns

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.27
28
Forms of Regional Governance

• regulatory (with or without enforcement powers)
• administrative
• advisory
• voluntary councils/federations

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.28
29
Elements of Success in Regional Governance

• authority for implementation
• fiscal autonomy
• legal flexibility in interpreting mandates
• professionalism among staff
• clear goals
• proper mix of political, organizational, and
  environmental conditions

Session Name Players in Coastal Hazards
Management Coastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.29