Child Development

1
Child Development

• Chapter 4 Prenatal Development

2
Journal

• Write down 5 phrases that explain what you know
  about pregnancy.

3
State Standards

• 3.1 Analyze hereditary and environmental factors
  affecting prenatal development beginning with
  conception
• 3.2 Analyze maternal and paternal health and
  environmental factors affecting conception and
  prenatal development

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Video

• Brain Pop-
• Reproductive System

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Conception

• Vocabulary
• Ovum
• Uterus
• Fallopian Tube
• Sperm
• Conception

6
Family Planning

• The only 100 method of contraception is
  abstinence
• An ovum usually lives 12-24 hours
• A sperm usually lives 48-72 hours
• There are approximately 3-4 days in which
  intercourse could lead to conception

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Contraceptive Methods

• Groups 1-2
• Each group will have 1 method.
• Your responsibilities
• Find a picture of an example of that method
• Turn picture into the assignment turn in folder
• Give a 30 second spill about that method and show
  picture
• Grade Assignment worth 20 points
• 5 points for picture
• 10 points for spill
• 5 points for professionalism

8
Brainpop Video

• Genetics

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Genetic Package

• Each person inherits characteristics from parents
  
• Chromosomes tiny threadlike particles in the
  nucleus of every cell
• Human babies receive 46 at conception- 23 pairs
• Each chromosomes has thousands of genes the
  units that determine inherited characteristics
• For every inherited characteristic a person
  receives two copies of a gene- mother and father
• Dominant Gene stronger
• Recessive Gene weaker
• Genome The complete blueprint for the creation
  of a person

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Making a Unique Person

• Family often times look alike because of the gene
  combinations
• Sex of a child is also determined at conception
• Two types of sex chromosome X and Y
• Egg cells contain X
• Sperm cells contain wither X or Y

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Brainpop Video

• Heredity
• Punnett Square Activity

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Multiple Births

• Identical Twins Fertilized egg divides into two
  separate babies
• Fraternal Twins two eggs are released at the
  same time and both are fertilized
• 2.5 of births are multiple births
• More than 2 babies is even more rare
• Most of the time multiple births (more than 2)
  results from treatment of infertility the
  inability to become pregnant

13
Infertility

• Not all people are able to become pregnant
• 1st step Doctor evaluates both parents help to
  determine cause
• Fertility drugs may be prescribed if the cause is
  eggs are not released every month
• Several drawbacks serious side effects, multiple
  births, etc

14
Options for Infertility

• After treatment for infertility some people are
  still not able to conceive
• Some options
• Adoption
• Artificial Insemination sperm injected into
  womans uterus
• In vitro Fertilization Egg is fertilized outside
  body and then placed in the womans uterus
• Ovum Transfer egg from female donor then
  fertilized
• Surrogate Mother

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Period of the Zygote

• Lasts about 2 weeks
• Zygote- fertilized egg
• Zygote travel down fallopian tube
• Attaches itself to the lining of the uterus
• Lining provides nourishment
• At the end of this period the zygote is only the
  size of a pin head

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Period of the Embryo

• 3rd-8th weeks of pregnancy
• Embryo the developing baby
• Grows rapidly
• The mass of cells develop into all the major
  systems of the human body
• Brain begins to take control of these systems
• Amniotic Fluid forms
• Placenta develops
• Umbilical Cord forms

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Bell Work

• p. 144- Health Tip
• Answer questions on own paper to turn in

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Period of the Fetus

• 8th week until birth- about 40 weeks
• 4th-5th month mother begins to feel baby move-
  sensations are called quickening
• Fluid grows as fetus grows until just before
  birth when fluid begins decreasing
• Baby is swallowing it
• 7th month- baby capable of living outside womb
  but only with great medical help
• 8th and 9th month- organs become ready to survive
  on their own
• Fetus can- suck its thumb, cough, sneez, yawn,
  hiccup, and even cry

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Preparing for Birth

• Babys weight begins to shift down in 9th month-
  lightening
• Fetus is turned upside down in mothers pelvis
• Less active
• Muscles of the uterus and abdomen can be
  stretched up to 60 times their original size!
• Return to original size in about 6 weeks after
  pregnancy.

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Brainpop Video

• Fetal Development

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Section 5-2

• A closer Look at Conception

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Brainpop Video

• Gender Determination

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Section 5-3

• Problems in Prenatal Development

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For Discussion

• Excerpt from Helen Kellers The Story of My Life

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Objectives

• Contrast miscarriage and stillbirth
• Identify some major birth defects
• Explain the four causes of birth defects
• Describe how birth defects can be diagnosed and
  prevented

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Key Terms

• Amniocentesis
• Birth Defect
• Chronic Villi Sampling
• Miscarriage
• Stillbirth
• Ultrasound

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Losing a Baby

• Sometimes babies do not develop normally
• In some cases the developing baby will die
• Before 20 weeks- miscarriage
• After 20 weeks- still birth
• Loss of an unborn child is devastating to parents
• As many as 20 percent of al pregnancies end in
  miscarriage

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Types of Birth Defects

• Birth defect- serious problems that threatens a
  childs health or ability to live
• About 3 out of 100 children are born with a birth
  defect
• Birth defects affect
• Shape or size of the body or of certain parts of
  the body
• A part or system of the body does not work
  properly
• Not all birth defects are apparent at birth

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Causes of Birth Defects

• Scientists still dont understand the cause of
  all birth defects
• There are 4 main causes

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Environmental Causes

• During the first few weeks of conception all the
  babys major systems develop
• Things that affect the development of the baby
  include
• Nutritional balance of the mothers diet
• Diseases or infections the mother has
• Harmful substances the mother takes in
• Some medicines
• Exposure to outside hazards such as radiation

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Hereditary Causes

• Thousands of genes make up a genetic blueprint-
  each person has about 5-6 imperfect recessive
  genes
• A single copy of this defective gene- no effect
• 2 copies of this genebirth defect or a dominant
  defective genebirth defect
• Some inherited conditions affect only one sex
• Ex- Hemophilia (prevents blood from clotting) and
  color blindness

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Errors in Chromosomes

• Some birth defects are linked to a problem with
  the babys chromosomes
• Ex- too many or too few chromosomes
• The child does not inherit this condition
• Most common is down syndrome
• 1 child in every 800 births has down syndrome
• Risk is higher in mothers over 35
• Child has an extra chromosome 21

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Interaction of Heredity and Environment

• Sometimes birth defects result from heredity and
  environment combined
• Ex- A baby may inherit the tendency for a heart
  defect but only appears if some factor- such as a
  drug or virus- affects the baby during
  development
• Researchers think this is probably the cause of
  cleft lip and spina bifida

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Prevention and Diagnosis of Birth Defects

• Children with birth defects have difficulty
  leading normal lives
• The rest of the family is affected too
• Responsible couples do everything possible to
  minimize the possibility of birth defects

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Genetic Counseling

• Some people seek genetic counseling
• May or may not already have a child with a birth
  defect
• Does not tell people what to do, only explains
  risks and options
• Family doctors can perform this service, but is
  best provided by a specialist
• The genetic counselor first gathers family
  histories from the couple
• Then they are given thorough medical examinations
  and sometimes tests

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Prenatal Testing

• More than 100 birth defects can now be found
  before a baby is born
• There is not a test to tell if a child will be
  normal
• These tests can alert the physician of problems
  many times they can be taken care of before birth
  or immediately following birth
• Sometimes blood testing can reveal birth defects

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Types of Prenatal Tests

• Ultrasound- checks for specific health problems
• Can show if the fetus is developing on schedule
• Can confirm due date
• Amniocentesis- Process of withdrawing a sample of
  amniotic fluid and then testing it for
  indications of birth defects
• About 1 out of 200 amniocentesis tests result in
  miscarriage
• Chronic Villi Sampling- Tests a small amount of
  the tissue surrounding the fetus
• Guided by a ultrasound image the doctor inserts a
  small tube throught the womans vagina into the
  uterus the samples are then obtained by snipping
  or suction
• Risk of miscarriage or birth defect is mush
  higher than amniocentesis

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Ask the Experts

• P. 163

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Section 5-4

• Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

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Key Terms

• Fetal Alcohol effects
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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Objectives

• Identify the hazards that alcohol and other drugs
  pose to prenatal development
• Discuss other environmental hazards that pregnant
  women should avoid

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Alcohol

• Alcohol is a drug
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- a pregnant woman who
  drinks is at risk for her child developing FAS
• Includes physical and mental problems
• 1 in 5 babies with FAS die soon after birth
• Almost all are mentally retarded
• Other problems slow growth, poor coordination,
  heart defects, and facial disfigurement
• Also, learning disabilities and hyperactivity

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Alcohol, continued

• Fetal Alcohol Effects- less severe than FAS, but
  still suffers from some of the same problems
• Severity depends on amount consumed by mother,
  stage of pregnancy, and presence of other drugs
  in the mothers system
• Can be prevented by not drinking!
• It is not know how much alcohol will cause the
  syndrome

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Other Drugs

• Prescription and over the counter drugs
• No such thing as a completely safe drug
• First 3 months are most critical
• Last 6 months- slowed growth, infections, and
  bleeding at birth
• Meds should not be taken unless approved by the
  doctor
• Caffeine- also a drug, can cause birth defects as
  well, not sure about amounts

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Other Drugs, continued

• Tobacco- the more a mother smokes the smaller the
  baby will be
• Heavy smoking can cause premature birth
• Linked to respiratory infections, allergies, and
  asthma
• Illegal Drugs- a mother who is addicted to an
  illegal drug normally passes the addiction to the
  baby
• After birth the baby must go through withdrawal,
  some babies die
• Long-term effects may be serious, many of these
  children have problems following directions and
  learning disabilities

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X Rays

• Radiation can cause birth defects as well
• Pregnant women should warn medical personnel
• Always request abdominal shields during x rays

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Rubella

• When a pregnant woman contracts rubella babies
  can suffer with deafness, blindness, heart
  disease, or mental retardation
• Vaccines are available but can be dangerous for
  women who are pregnant or become pregnant shortly
  after the shot

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Include Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B,
  Genital Herpes, AIDS, Group B Streptococcus,
  Chlamydia
• Can be passed from mother to child
• Can result in death or other birth defects
• You can have a STD without knowing it!
• AIDS- the virus that causes AIDS can be passed
  from mother to child