Title: ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? How Pathogens Attack Plants
1 ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????How
Pathogens Attack Plants
?????????
2- ??????????????????
- ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. - ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???
?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??
????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??
???????? (?????? ? ????? .....). - ? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????
???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????.
?????????
3- ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???
?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? Host. - ? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????
?????? ??????? ?????? Obligate Parasites - ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????
???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????
??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. - ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????. - ? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????
???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????????
4- ? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???
???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???
??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??
???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???. - ? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????
????? ????? ?????? ???????.
?????????
5???? ???????? ??????????
- ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ?
???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????
???????? ???????. - ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????
????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??
??????.
??? ?????? ???? ??????
?????????
6 ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????
- ? ? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???. - ? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????
??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
Bulblike ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? Appressorium
??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????
??? ?????.
?????????
7- ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????
????? ?????? Penetration Pegs ???? ????? ???
????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????
??????. - 1 ? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????
??????. - 2 ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????
?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????
???????. - ? ? ??? ???? ??? Penetration Pegs ??? ????????
????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????
?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
???? ??? ?????.
8 ?????? ?????????? ??????
- ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? Stylet
??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????
?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????
????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????
??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????
?????.
?????????
9?????????
10?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????
- ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????
???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????
???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????
??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????
Polysaccharides???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
????? ??????
?????????
11- ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????
????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??
???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??
??????. - ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???
?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????
?????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????
??? ????.
?????????
12- ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ?? ??????. - ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????
Isozymes ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????
???????.
?????????
13 ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????
- ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????
??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
????? ?? ?????? ???. ?????????? ????? ?? ?????
Cutin ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. - ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???
????? ?????? Epidermis .
?????????
14- ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????
(???????????) ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????
??? ???????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ????????
?????? ??????? ??????. - ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??
??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????
?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????????
15? ? ????? ?????? Cuticular Wax
- ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??
??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??
?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. - ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???
???????? ??????? ??? Puccnia hordei ?????
??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????
??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????
????? ??????????
?????????
16? ? ????? ??????? Cutin
- ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????
????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??
???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
Polyester of C16 and C18 hydroxy fatty acids
??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????
????? ??????? ??? Cutinases ??? ?????? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? Monomers ??????
Oligomers (??? ????? ?? ????????) ?? ??????
??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????.
?????????
17- ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????
???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??
??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????
((Monomers ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???
????????? Cutinase gene?????? ?????? ???? ?
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. - ????? ??????? ??????
?????????
18?????????
19- ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????
??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????
???????? ??? ??????. - ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????
??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? Germ Tube
??? Infection Peg ??? Appressorium ???????? ????
???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????
?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????
???? ?????? ?? ???????.
?????????
20- ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
?????????? ?????Cutinase deficient mutants
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????
????? ??? Cutinase ??? ??? ??????. - ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????
????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????. - ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??
?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
?????????
21???????? ????????? Pectic Substances
- ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???
??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ???
???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???
???????????? (??????? ???????) ??????????.
????????? ????????? ????? ?? Polysaccharides
????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? Galacturonan ?????
???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? Rhamnose ??????
?????? ????? ?? ??? Galacturonan ???? ????????
????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ????????
????????? ???? Pectolytic enzymes or Pectinases
?????????
22- ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ????
??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
???????Galacturonan monomers, dimers and - ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? Substrate
induction ????? ?? ???? ??? Galacturonan monomers
?????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
??????. - ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????
???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????
?? ????????? ????????.
?????????
23- ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????
?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??
????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????
?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. - ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???
??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?????
????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????
????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
??????. - ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????
?????????
24???????????? Cellulose
- ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??
?????? ???? Polysaccharides . - ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????
?? ???? Microfibirils . - ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 12 ??
??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? 50 ?? ???????
??????? ? 90 ?? ????? ?????. - ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? Cellulolytic
enzymes ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
?????????
25- ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????
?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? - ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????
?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
??????? ?? ???? ?????. - ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???. - ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
????? ???????? ???? ??????.
?????????
26?????????
27?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????Microbial Toxins
in Plant Diseases
- ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???
????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. - ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??
??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. - ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????
?? ??????. - ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????
???????? ????. - ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????????. - ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????
????????.
?????? ??????? ????????
28?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
???? ?????? Tabtoxin ?????? Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? Wildfire disease of tobacco
???? ?????? Phaseolotoxin ?????? P. syringae pv phaseolicola ????? ??????? ?? ?????????.
???? ?????? Tentoxin ????? Alternaria alternata ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????
???? ??? ?????? Fumaric acid ????? Rhizopus spp ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ?????? Oxalic acid Sclerotinia spp , Sclerotium spp ????? ????????
???? ??? ?????? ? Alternaric acid , Alternariol , Zinniol ????? ????? Alternaria ?????? ????? ??????
???? ??? ?????? Pyricularin ????? Pyriculria Oryzae ?????? ?? ????? Rice blast
???? ??? ?????? Cercosporin ????? ?? ????? Cercospora spp ??????
???? ??? ?????? Fusaric acid and Lycomarasmin ????? Fusarium oxysporum ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????
???? ??? ?????? Syringomycin ???????? P. Syringae pv. Syringae ?????? ??????? Leaf spots ?? ?????? ?? ????????
???? ??? ?????? Tagetitoxin ???????? P. Syringae pv. tagetis ?????? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ????????
29???????????????? Auxins
- ????? ?????? Indol 3 acetic acid ?? ???????
??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????
? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
Indol 3 acetic acid oxidase ??? ?????? ????
?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.
?????? ??????? ????????
30????? IAA ??? ??????
- 1 ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????.
- 2 ? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
- 3 ? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.
- 4 ? ???? ????? mRNA ???????? ????? ????????
?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? Structural
Proteins - ????? ????? ??? IAA ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????
????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????
??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????
???? ????? ??? ????? ??? IAA
?????? ??????? ????????
31- ???????
- ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? Corn Smut
(????? Ustilago maydis) ??????? ???????? ??
??????? ???? ?????? ?????Phytophthora infestance
????? ?????? ?? ????? (?????F.oxysporum f.sp.
cubenses ) ??????????? Meloidogyne spp ???????
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? IAA
?? ????? ??????
?????? ??????? ????????
32- ??? ??? IAA ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???
??? ?? ????????? Pseudomonas solanacerum ???????
?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????
????? ???? 100??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????
???????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???
???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? IAA
???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????
??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????
????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????
??? IAA ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??
?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????
???????? ??????.
?????? ??????? ????????
33- ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
????? IAA ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. - ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
???????? Agrobacterium tumefaciens ?? ???????
????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??
?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???????
?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? DNA ????????
???????? ?? ??? Plasmid ??????? tumor-DNA ((tDNA
?????? ??????? ????????
34- ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???
?? DNA ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? (tDNA)
?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? DNA ???? tDNA
protein complex ???????? ???? ??? DNA ????????
??? ?? ??? DNA ?????? ?? ?????? (?????????) ?????
????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????
????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????
?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????.
?????? ??????? ????????
35- ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????
?? IAA ? ??????????? Cytokinin ??????? ?? ???????
???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????
???????? ?? ??? tDNA ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???
????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???
????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? IAA , cytokinin.
?????? ??????? ????????