Energy

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Energy

• World energy consumption projected to rise gt
  70 from 2003 to 2030
• OECD

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Energy

• Bulk of increase expected to come from non-OECD
  nations
• Energy demand in Asia, Central and South America
  expected to more than double by 2030

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• Energy
• Conventional
• Fossil Fuels
• Oil
• Transportation, electricity generation, heating
• Worlds dominant source of energy for past
  several decades
• Expected to remain important for next 20 years -
  Estimated 35-40 of total energy consumption
  through 2020
• Greatest consumption by OECD nations, but gap
  closing
• 1999 Non-OECD nations consumed 58 as much as
  OECD nations
• 2030 Projected to use 90 as much
• Most of increase from transportation sector (few
  alternative fuel sources)

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• Energy
• Conventional
• Fossil Fuels
• Oil
• Benefits
• Readily available
• High energy density
• Inexpensive
• Existing technology infrastructure
• Concerns
• Combustion releases pollutants (CO2, NOx, SOx,
  PM)
• Extraction harms environment
• Accidental releases, especially in ocean
• Long-term availability
• Energy security - US imports 60 of oil

5

• Energy
• Conventional
• Fossil Fuels
• Coal
• Electricity generation (65 of global coal use)
• Main fuel source in China for industry
• Use expected to grow slowly, mostly fueled by
  Asia, especially China and India
• Benefits
• Inexpensive
• Abundant, easy to recover
• Requires minimal processing
• Existing technology infrastructure
• Concerns
• Environmental degradation from mining
• Requires extensive transportation system (rail)
• Combustion generates pollutants (CO2, PM, Hg,
  NOx, SOx), including components of brown smog

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• Energy
• Conventional
• Fossil Fuels
• Natural gas (methane)
• Fastest growing source of energy over next 20
  years (projected to double)
• Equaled coal (BTU basis) in 1999
• Increase fueled by price, environmental concerns,
  energy security issues, market deregulation
• Benefits
• Inexpensive
• Abundant, easy to recover
• Existing technology infrastructure
• Burns relatively cleanly (little PM, etc.),
  almost no solid waste
• High efficiency (90 vs. 27 for electricity)
• Energy security US produces 85 of demand vs.
  40 for oil
• Concerns
• Greenhouse gas
• Adequate long-term supply

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• Energy
• Conventional
• Fossil Fuels
• Gas (methane) hydrates
• Worldwide reserves estimated at up to 100,000
  trillion cubic feet of gas (10,000 Gt carbon),
  twice the carbon in all other fossil fuel
  reserves on earth
• Located beneath marine sediments at 300-500 m
  depth
• Common off SE US, Siberia, Alaska
• Benefits
• Extremely abundant
• Existing infrastructure for distribution
• Burns relatively cleanly (little PM, etc.),
  almost no solid waste
• High efficiency (90 vs. 27 for electricity)
• Energy security US has extensive reserves
• Concerns
• Greenhouse gas
• Damage to sea floor
• Catastrophic effects of massive release

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• Energy
• Conventional
• Nuclear
• Derived from splitting ("fissioning) of uranium
  atoms
• Uranium mined, processed to increase fissionable
  material, made into fuel rods
• Uranium atoms split inside reactor, generate heat
  ? steam ? electricity
• World capacity projected to rise from 362 GW in
  2003 to 437 GW in 2030
• Highest growth projected for developing world,
  especially Asia
• Benefits
• Clean (few pollutants or GHGs)
• Relatively inexpensive
• Existing technology infrastructure
• Compact fuel waste (high energy density 1 lb
  of U 3.5 million lbs of coal)
• Energy security US has extensive reserves
• Concerns
• Safety Possibility of accidents
• Strategic risks Material stolen and used to
  create weapon
• Waste disposal Contamination of ground water,
  soil, animals, plants, people

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Sources either cant be used up or are
  replenished quickly through natural processes
• In CA, eligible renewable energy sources include
• Biomass and waste
• Geothermal
• Solar
• Small hydroelectric
• Wind energy
• Use expected to increase by 65 worldwide between
  2003 and 2030 current 8 share of total energy
  consumption projected to rise slightly to 9 by
  2030
• Growth in renewable energy resources expected to
  be constrained by moderate fossil fuel prices
• Energy consumption expected to be driven by new,
  large-scale hydroelectric projects, esp. in
  China, India, Malaysia, other developing Asian
  countries

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Hydroelectric
• Currently supplies 20 of electricity production
  worldwide
• Small (lt30 MW)
• Less impact but less power than large facilities
• Large (gt30 MW)
• Includes immense dams with potentially large
  impacts
• Ex Itaipu Dam (Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina)
  12,600 MW
• Ex Three Gorges Dam (China) 18,200 MW
• Benefits
• Inexpensive, once facility exists
• Minimal environmental impact Little pollution,
  no GHGs
• Many facilities already in place
• May permit flood control
• Relatively efficient and nondestructive
• Concerns
• Limited use geographically

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Wind
• Power captured with wind turbines
• The Dakotas and Texas have sufficient wind
  capacity to supply energy needs of entire United
  States
• Benefits
• Free
• Minimal environmental impact Little pollution,
  no GHGs
• Can produce electricity without being connected
  to power grid
• Multiple uses of land
• Concerns
• Limited use geographically
• Inconsistent energy source
• Expensive to maintain
• May be dangerous to birds
• Low power density
• Weather effects?

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Solar
• Can be generated by
• Focusing heat of sun on central point that heats
  up heat used to produce steam, which turns
  turbine
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells Convert energy from sun
  directly to electricity each PV panel typically
  produces small amount of electricity, but panels
  can be grouped
• Benefits
• Abundant The amount of solar radiation
  striking the earth over a three-day period is
  equivalent to the energy stored in all fossil
  energy sources.
• Free
• Minimal environmental impact Little pollution,
  no GHGs
• PV systems have no moving parts, require little
  maintenance
• Can produce electricity without being connected
  to power grid
• Concerns
• Limited use geographically
• Inconsistent energy source
• Expensive 0.22-0.40/kWh vs. 0.13/kWh on my
  latest bill
• Requires special materials to harvest energy
• Low power density long-term storage of energy

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Biomass and Waste
• Biomass fuels include residues from logging mill
  operations processing of wood, pulp, paper,
  fiberboard agricultural crops livestock and
  poultry operations food processing demolition
  (urban wood waste)
• Waste fuels include combustible residues from
  industrial processes, municipal solid liquid
  wastes
• Currently supplies 15 of electricity production
  worldwide, more in developing countries
• Benefits
• Readily available fuel
• Inexpensive
• Reduces waste stream
• Concerns
• Emissions Especially for waste combustion
• Low fuel density
• Technology not yet well developed

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Geothermal
• Heat from deep within earth captured and used to
  turn an electric generation turbine
• Benefits
• Inexpensive
• Minimal environmental impact Little pollution,
  no GHGs
• Energy security US has extensive resources
• Concerns
• Limited use geographically
• Not truly renewable (water injection can prolong
  life of geyser field)
• Geothermal emissions may include CO2 and H2S, as
  well as various toxic compounds
• Not economically viable in most areas

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Fuel Cells
• Many types
• All have membrane that only allows positively
  charged particles to cross and external shunt
  that channels electrons
• Have been used for decades (powered manned space
  flights)
• Benefits
• Low emissions
• Highly efficient (up to 85 in some cases)
• No moving parts Enhances durability, simplifies
  maintenance
• Energy security Can be produced anywhere
• Concerns
• Technology still in its infancy
• Energy input during processing
• Risks of handling hydrogen and other fuels
• Currently very expensive

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• Energy
• Renewable
• Other
• Tidal energy
• Wave energy
• OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)
• Fusion

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Energy
California Net System Power Mix
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• Fresh Water
• Historically limiting factor in arid regions
• 1940-1990
• World population more than doubled
• 2.3 billion ? 5.3 billion
• Per capita water use doubled
• 400 m3 person-1 year-1 ? 800 m3 person-1 year-1
• Global water use increased fourfold
• Current Status
• In 1996, world human population using estimated
  54 of all accessible fresh water in rivers,
  lakes, aquifers
• Many people predict disastrous consequences for
  worlds fresh water supply in coming years
• This potential disaster may have several causes

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• Fresh Water
• Current Status
• Distribution
• Uneven compared to population
• 75 of annual rainfall in areas containing less
  than one-third of global population
• Amazon River carries 20 of global runoff through
  area containing 10 million people
• Congo River carries 30 of Africas runoff
  through area containing 10 of population
• Uneven in space
• North America contains 19,000 m3 per person per
  year vs. 4700 m3 per person per year in Asia
• lt10 of Mexico supplies gt50 of annual runoff
• Uneven in time
• India gets 90 of annual rainfall during summer
  monsoon season (Jun-Sep) runs off too rapidly
  for efficient use

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• Fresh Water
• Current Status
• Usage patterns
• Agriculture 69
• Industry/Energy 23
• Domestic 8
• Varies among regions and with development
• Africa 88 for agriculture (irrigation)
• Europe gt50 for industry
• Japan Industrial but uses lots of water for
  growing rice
• Spain/Portugal Arid water used heavily for
  agriculture
• Personal use tracks standard of living
• Africa 17 m3 year-1 (47 l d-1)
• Asia 31 m3 year-1 (85 l d-1)
• UK 122 m3 year-1 (334 l d-1)
• US 211 m3 year-1 (578 l d-1)
• By 2020, water shortages likely in Ethiopia,
  India, Kenya, Nigeria, China (parts of China
  already face problems)
• Mexico City uses groundwater for 80 of municipal
  water supply

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• Fresh Water
• Current Status
• Contamination
• Numerous examples worldwide
• Biggest source Agriculture
• Europe Over 90 of rivers have elevated
  nutrient levels from agrochemicals
• Hungary Nearly 40 of well fields contaminated
• Developing countries On average, 90 to 95 of
  all domestic sewage and 75 of all industrial
  waste discharged into surface waters without
  treatment
• Impacts
• Nile River Diverting water retention of
  sediment behind dams has caused fertile delta to
  shrink
• Rhine River Lost 8 of 44 fish species 25 more
  endangered
• Lake Chad Diversion drought has caused
  shrinkage from 25,000 to 2,000 km2 in 30 years
  Link
• Aral Sea Diversion for agriculture has caused
  severe shrinkage, with environmental health
  problems L1 L2

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• Fresh Water
• Possible Solutions
• World may have enough fresh water but inadequate
  distribution mechanism
• Long pipelines and movement of icebergs have been
  proposed
• Excessively expensive
• Technological limitations

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• Fresh Water
• Possible Solutions
• Improved irrigation efficiency
• Drip irrigation reduces losses from evaporation
• Cuts water use by 40-60 compared to conventional
  systems
• Used on lt1 of irrigated land worldwide but used
  extensively in some countries (Ex Israel uses
  DI on 50 of irrigated land)
• Low-energy precision application (LEPA) methods
  apply water directly to plants
• Can lower use of water and energy (20-50)
• Municipal conservation
• Infrastructural losses can be substantial
• Ex 40-70 of water lost in transit in 15 major
  Mexican cities (similar rates in India)
• Ex Djakarta, Indonesia could cut water losses
  an estimated 20 by fixing leaky distribution
  pipes would save 12 billion gallons of water a
  year, enough to supply 800,000 people
• Higher price could encourage conservation
• Ex Bogor, Indonesia increased water prices
  3-4x average household water use dropped by 30
  in less than one year

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• Fresh Water
• Possible Solutions
• Reuse of urban wastewater
• Use of treated wastewater for irrigation
• Today, at least half a million hectares in 15
  countries are being irrigated with gray water
• More water efficient industry
• Practiced in industrialized nations.
• Amount of water needed to produce a ton of steel
  ranges from 23 to 56 m3 in China, compared to an
  average of less than 6 m3 in US, Japan, and
  Germany
• Desalination
• 1990 Just over 13 million m3 of fresh water
  produced daily in 7,500 facilities worldwide
• Provides 0.1 of global fresh water use
• Current methods of desalination driven almost
  entirely by combustion of fossil fuels
• Solar powered desalination plants are currently
  produce only 5,240 cubic m3d-1