CONSTRUCTION

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CONSTRUCTION
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Foundation

• A foundation supports the weight of a structure,
  sometimes called substructures
• Three parts of foundation earth, footing and
  vertical supports
• Spread footing is used for hard grounds
• Piles are used is the ground is soft, or the site
  is marshy or under water

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Superstructure

• It is the part of a structure that is above the
  ground (exceptions tunnel or pipeline)
• Mass Superstructures large masses of materials
  -- Dams and monuments
• Bearing Wall Superstructures enclose a space
  with walls -- castle
• Framed Superstructures a framework to support
  the building most buildings today.
• Lumber, steel, concrete are used to build a
  framed superstructure

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Types of Structures

• Bridges
• Beam bridge
• One beam to cross a distance
• Arch bridge
• Use of an arch
• Aqueduct is a raised channel to carry water from
  one place to another
• Cantilever bridge
• Two diving boards facing each other
• The sections are firmly attached at their ends
• Another section may be added to provide a link if
  the sections do not meet
• Huge force to support each end --- Double
  cantilever bridge
• Suspension bridge
• They bridge wide spans
• Use of steel cables to hang the deck(roadbed)
  from towers

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Types of Structures

• Buildings
• Four kinds of building construction
• Residential
• Commercial
• Institutional
• Industrial
• Aesthetic design and beauty are important in the
  first three kinds
• Land costs for the industrial buildings are
  fairly low
• Lumber is building houses - dimensional lumber
  --- 8 by 2 by 4
• Insulations(fiberglass, plastic foam), electrical
  wiring, and plumbing pipes are placed in the
  framework
• Plaster boards (sheetrock) are sheets of plaster
  covered with heavy paper --- inside walls
• Composites or plywood panels are used for outside
  walls. They may be covered with wood or aluminum
  siding

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Types of Structures

• Penalized construction --- parts of houses are
  built in a factory
• Apartment houses, institutional and commercial
  buildings are framed with steel or reinforced
  concrete
• Beams support the load of the floors and walls
• Columns transfer the weight from the beams to the
  foundation
• Reinforced concrete beams and columns are cast in
  place at the site
• Tunnels
• Their idea is probably taken from an animal
  burrow
• Tunnels under water and through mountains have
  shortened travel routes since ancient times
• Tunneling shield holds the earth up while tunnel
  is being dug ---1818
• Tunnels dug into rock are drilled and blasted by
  explosives
• Shot Crete prevents water from seeping through
  the rock
• Tunnels in soft ground can be machined using
  large cutters 15

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Types of Structures

• Fort McHenry Tunnels
• Tube making begins with steel panels
• The panels are welded together to form a shell
  plate
• Shell plate is wrapped around a specially
  designed reel to make a module
• Sixteen modules (eight for each tube) are joined.
  They form one section of the double-barreled
  tube. Each tube holds two lanes of roadway.
• Dam plates seal each end of the tube

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Types of Structures

• Roads
• Modern road building started in late 1700s with
  the ideas of a Scotsman named John Loudon McAdam
  --- hard soil stone tar
• McAdam roads were higher in the center than at
  the edges
• A material used as a surface of roads these days
  is named after him --- macadam
• Since early 1900s, roads have been built of
  concrete or macadam
• Road construction
• Choose the route
• Smoothen the ground by bulldozers
• Press down the soil by heavy rollers
• Cover the soil with stone
• Make a pavement of about 1 thickness of
  concrete, macadam or asphalt
• Center barriers, good lighting and traffic
  control devices

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Types of Structures

• Other Structures
• Airports, canals, dams and pipelines etc
• Large construction companies often have different
  division for different structures
• Renovation
• It is the process of rebuilding an existing
  building
• Carried out for a change in the style of the
  building or to fulfill the repairing needs of the
  building
• Renovation is less costly than demolishing a
  structure and building it all over again