THE RENAISSANCE

1
THE RENAISSANCE

• ANALZYE THE INFLUENCE OF HUMANISM ON THE VISUAL
  ARTS IN THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
• TO WHAT EXTENT DID WOMEN PARTICIPATE IN THE
  RENAISSANCE
• DISCUSS HOW RENAISSANCE IDEAS ARE EXPRESSED IN
  THE ITALIAN ART OF THE PEROID

2
CONTRAST WITH LATE MIDDLE AGES

• MEDIEVAL
• Religion Dominates
• Man should be well versed in one subject
• Latin
• Handwritten
• Gothic
• DivorceNo
• Marriage economic

3

• RENAISSANCE
• Humanism
• Virtu
• New Monarchs
• Vernacular
• Individual
• Greek and Roman Classics
• Bronze
• Secular
• Merchants
• Printing Press
• Marriages -- Romance

4
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

• Florence (Quattrocentro)
• Massive Patronage (Medici Family)
• Center of Renaissance in 14th and 15th Centuries
• Medicis Banking
• Rome (Cinquecento or High Renaissance)
• Renaissance Popes Secular
• Pope Alexander VI
• St. Peters Cathedral
• Painting
• Perspective 3-D effects
• Chiaroscuro Dark and light colors to create
  illusion of depth
• Sculpture
• Free standing to be seen in the round
• Glorified body (nude)
• Greek and Roman influence
• Architecture
• Used Greek temple, columns, Roman arches and
  domes
• Simplicity and balance

5

• Lorenzo Ghiberti
• Bronze doors at Florence Baptistry
• Donatello
• Bronze statue of David
• Free standing and in the nude
• Sandro Botticelli
• Birth of Venus
• Classical Mythology
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Renaissance Man
• Mona Lisa and Last Supper
• Raphael
• School of Athens
• Michelangelo
• Statue of David glorifies human body
• Pieta is most perfect marble statue
• Dome of St. Peters Cathedral
• Sistine Chapel

6

• Mannerism
• Reaction against Renaissance ideals of balance,
  symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color
• Used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated
  or exaggerated
• El Greco (Spain)
• Greatest of the Mannerists
• Toledo uses elongated figures and weird pigments

7
ITALIAN HUMANISM

• Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome)
• Virtu Excelling in all of ones pursuits
• Civic Humanism Education should prepare leaders
  to be active in civic affairs
• Petrarch
• Father of Humanism
• Sonnets to Laura
• One of the Big 3 (Dante and Boccacio)
• Dante
• Divine Comedy
• Vernacular
• Boccacio
• Decameron
• Social Behavior of Youth during Black Plague
  (Sex)

8

• Lorenzo Valla
• Expert on Latin Language
• On the False Donation of Constantine proved land
  given to Church was based on fraud
• Latin Vulgate errors discovered
• Pico della Mirandola
• Oration on the Dignity of Man
• Humans have potential for greatness
• Free will
• Baldassare Castiglione
• The Book of the Courtier
• True Renaissance Man has physical and
  intellectual ability living an active life

9
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

• Christian Humanism
• Emphasis on early Church Writings
• How to improve society and reform the Church
• Led to criticisms of the Church
• Erasmus
• Master of the Greek Language
• In Praise of Folly wanted to reform the Church
• Satirized the immorality and hypocrisy of the
  Church
• Influenced Martin Luther
• Sir Thomas More
• Utopia
• Accumulation of property was root cause of
  societys ills
• William Shakespeare
• Miquel Cervantes
• Don Quixote

10

• Flemish Style of Art
• More detail
• Oil Paints
• Preoccupied with death
• Ordinary People
• Jan Van Eyck
• Arnolfini and His Wife
• Peter Brueghel
• Focused on Ordinary People
• Peasant Dance, Peasant Wedding, etc.
• Hans Holbein
• Premier Portrait Painter
• Henry VIII
• Fugger Family
• Patron of Northern Renaissance
• Banking

11
RENAISSANCE WOMEN

• Wealthy Women
• Access to Education
• Ornaments to their husbands
• Women were to be pleasing to the man
• Sexual Double standard
• Christine de Pisan
• Chronicled the accomplishments of great women in
  history
• Womens survival guide
• Isabella dEste
• Set example to NOT be an ornament
• Patron of the arts
• Founded school for young women
• Marriage
• Based on economic considerations
• Dowries
• Earlier marriages
• Foundling Hospitals

12

• Divorce
• Very limited
• Important Rulers
• Isabella I of Spain
• Mary Tudor of England
• Elizabeth I of England
• Catherine de Medicis of France

13
NEW MONARCHS

• Reduced the power of the Nobles
• Hired Mercenary armies
• Reduced the power of the clergy
• Created efficient bureaucracies
• Increased power of bourgeoisie
• Towns gained power

14
FRANCE

• Louis XI the Spider King
• Used Diplomacy
• Large Royal army
• Destroyed Nobles
• Increased Taxes
• Encouraged economic growth (mercantilism)
• Francis I
• Concordat of Bologna
• Monarch appoints Bishops (Gallican Church)
• Taille Tax on all property and land

15
ENGLAND

• War of the Roses
• Houses of York vs. Lancaster
• War between Nobles
• Henry VII removes Richard III and starts the
  Tudor Dynasty
• Henry VII
• Reduced power of Nobles thru Star Chamber
• Used diplomacy

16
SPAIN

• Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
• Unify Spain
• Catholic
• Reconquista
• Columbus
• Spanish Inquisition

17
Holy Roman Empire

• The Hapsburg Empire
• Consisted of 300 autonomous German States
• Emperor did not have centralized control
• The Golden Bull
• Charles V
• Most powerful ruler in 16th century
• Austrian Hapsburg and Spanish Empire
• Sacked Rome ending Renaissance
• Tried to stop the Protestant Reformation

18
AGE OF EXPLORATION

• DESCRIBE AND ANALYZE HOW OVERSEAS EXPANSION BY
  EUROPEAN STATES AFFECTED GLOBAL TRADE AND
  INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1600 TO 1715
• Rise in New Monarchs led to competition
• Renaissance led more knowledge and adventure

19
ADVANCES IN LEARNING TECHNOLOGY

• Cartography
• Astronomy
• Compass
• Quadrant latitude
• Astrolabe latitude
• Caravel
• Rudder
• Weapons

20
PORTUGAL

• All water route to Asia
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Vasco da Gama
• Brazil

21
SPANISH EXPLORATION

• Gold, Glory and the Gospel
• Columbus
• Bartolomew de las Casas
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Ferdinand Magellan
• Conquistadores

22
OLD IMPERIALISM

• Mercantilism
• Encomienda System
• Mestizos
• Creoles
• Jesuits
• Asiento

23
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

• Increased in population leads to more consumers
• Price revolution
• Long slow upward trend in prices
• Increase in food prices
• Increase in volume of money
• Increase in supply of goods
• Rise in capitalism led by bourgeoisie
• Banking
• Fuggers in Germany
• Medicis in Italy
• Antwerp (16th Century)
• Amsterdam (17th Century)

24

• Hanseatic League
• German states that controlled trade
• Joint-Stock Companies
• Investors pooled resources for common purpose
• Virginia
• New Industries and Goods
• Textiles, Mining, Printing, Shipbuilding, Weapons
• Sugar (most expensive), rice and tea

25

• Mercantilism
• Nations sought self-sufficiency
• Export more than import
• Bullionism Acquire Gold
• Trades goal was keep gold from going to
  competing company

26
PRICE REVOLUTION

• The emergence of nation states led to taxation
• Exploration created empires
• Prices rose gradually in the 16th century
• More population demanded more goods which
  increased prices
• Influx of gold for the New World
• Inflation
• Bourgeoisie

27
LIFE IN 16th 17th CENTURIES

• Countryside
• Lords/Nobles at the top
• Peasants owned land
• Landless workers
• Towns
• Bourgeoisie were the wealthiest
• Skilled craftsman belonged to guilds
• Low-skilled jobs for low wages

28
THE FAMILY

• Nuclear
• Age of marriage higher (economics)
• Dowries
• Permission needed
• Children
• Average number of kids 6
• Post 1750 an increase in illegitimate births
• Women
• Marriage was an escaped from hard life of work

29

• Child Care
• Poor women breast fed
• Wealthier women used wet nurses
• Foundling Hospitals
• Spare the rod and spoil the child
• Girls were sent to the city
• Education
• Elementary education for boys and girls
• Religious instruction
• Prussia had compulsory education

30

• Life Expectancy
• Increase from 25-35
• No plague
• Sanitation
• Vaccinations
• Clothing
• Better food
• Potato
• Meat, fish and alcohol
• Medical
• Smallpox
• Edward Jenner

31
WITCH HUNTS

• Belief in Magic
• Church
• Women
• Scientific Revolution
• Medicine
• Trials
• Reformation

32
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
33
CAUSES

• Crisis in the Church
• Babylonian Captivity
• Great Schism
• Concilliar Movement
• Give Church Councils more power than Pope
  (Rejected)
• Corruption in the Church
• Simony
• Pluralism
• Absenteeism
• Nepotism
• Sale of Indulgences

34

• Moral decline
• Pope Alexander VI
• 20 of priests had concubines
• Clerical Ignorance
• John Wyclif
• Bible, Personal Communion fewer sacraments
• Lollards
• John Hus
• Thomas a Kempis
• Brethren of the Common Life
• Live a simple life and make religion personal

35

• Erasmus
• In Praise of Folly
• Criticized corruption in the church and
  hypocrisy
• Renaissance Humanism
• Criticized Church and validity of the Vulgate
• Emphasized secularism and individualism, not
  religion

36
MARTIN LUTHER

• Johann Tetzel
• Authorized to sale indulgences by Pope Leo X (St.
  Peters)
• 95 Theses
• Wittenberg
• Criticized the sale of indulgences
• Debate with Johann Ecks
• Denied infallibility of the pope and Church
  councils
• Theology of Reform
• Salvation by Faith alone
• Bible is sole authority
• Only 2 sacraments
• Priesthood of all believers
• Encouraged German princes to reform the church
• Rejected celibacy (Marriage)

37

• Diet of Worms
• Charles V demands Luther recant
• Here I stand
• Confessions of Augsburg (Lutheranism)
• Spread
• Northern German states
• Denmark and Sweden
• Peasants War
• Twelve Articles demanded and end to serfdom and
  feudalism
• Inspired by Luther
• Luther supported German princes

38

• Schmalkalden League
• Lutheran Princes unite against Charles V
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Cuius regio, eius religio
• German princes could choose Lutheranism or
  Catholicism for their region

39
CALVINISM

• Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Calvins foundational work
• Predestination
• The Elect
• Geneva Theocracy
• Protestant Work Ethic
• Hard work, results in financial success because
  God likes you
• Presbyterians
• John Knox
• Scotland

40

• Huguenots
• French Calvinists
• Nobles
• Dutch Reformed Church
• Set the stage for revolt against Philip II
• Puritans
• England
• America

41
ENGLAND

• Henry VIII
• Defense of the Seven Sacraments
• Defender of the Faith
• Marriages
• Catherine of Aragon
• Anne Boleyn
• Church of England (Anglican Church)
• Pope refuses annulment (Charles V)
• Henry breaks away (Thomas Cranmer)

42

• Act of Supremacy (1534)
• King head of the Church
• Confiscated Church lands
• Monasteries closed down
• Act of Succession (1534)
• Oath of loyalty
• Thomas More executed
• Pilgrimage of Grace
• Opposition to Henrys Reformation
• Statute of Six Articles (1539)
• Maintained most of Catholic doctrines

43

• Edward VI
• Adopted Calvinism
• Clergy could marry and removed iconic images
• Salvation by faith alone and 2 sacraments
• Mary Tudor
• Returned England to Catholicism
• Marian Exiles Protestants fleeing
• Bloody Mary
• Married to Philip II of Spain
• Elizabeth I
• Daughter of Anne Boleyn who developed
  Protestantism in England
• Politique between Anglicans and Puritans

44

• Elizabethan Settlement
• Book of Common Prayer
• Catholicism remained but in private
• English services
• Clergy not allowed to marry
• Required church services
• Thirty-Nine Articles (1563)
• Defined the creed of the Anglican Church
• Mary Stuart

45
OTHERS

• Anabaptists
• No connection to any state
• Refused to take oaths, pay taxes or serve in the
  military
• Rejected the Trinity
• Polygamy
• Burned books
• Munster Anabaptists leaders executed
• Quakers

46

• Ulrich Zwingli
• 1st leader of the Swiss Reformation (Zurich)
• Eucharist was only symbolic
• Colloquy of Marburg
• Split with Luther over Eucharist

47
WOMEN

• Luther believed women should be home taking care
  of the children
• Calvin believed in maintaining the moral order
• Suppressed common law marriages
• Marriage should emphasize love
• Bible reading increased womens literacy
• Protestant Women lost opportunities in church
  services, property ownership and legal
  transactions

48

• Catholic women had church opportunities in
  religious orders
• Angela Merci founded the Ursuline Order
• Provide education and religious training
• Combat heresy through education
• Teresa de Avila
• Believed in a direct relationship with God
  through prayer and contemplation

49
CATHOLIC REFORMATION
50
CAUSES

• Pope Paul III wanted to improve Church through
  discipline and existing doctrines
• Response to Protestant gains
• Response to critics in the Church that abuses had
  to be reformed

51
COUNCIL OF TRENT1545 - 1563

• Scripture, traditions and writings are equal
• Salvation by faith and good works
• All 7 sacraments valid (transubstantiation)
• Monasteries, Celibacy and Purgatory
• Index of Forbidden Books
• Ended Abuses
• Sale of Indulgences
• Sale of Church offices
• Seminaries

52
NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS

• Ignatius Loyola
• Organized Jesuits in military fashion
• Spiritual Exercises was guidebook for Jesuits
• Jesuits
• Reform the Church through education
• Spread the Gospel to pagans
• Fight Protestantism
• Inquisitions
• Persecution of Spanish Jews and Moors
• Accused Jews of killing Christ
• Catholic Reformation brought Southern Germany and
  Easter Europe back to the faith
• Jesuit schools best in Europe

53
BAROQUE ART

• Demonstrates the glory and power of the Catholic
  Church
• Emotionalism and Color
• Emphasized grandeur, emotion and unity
  surrounding a certain theme
• Bernini
• Architecture and Sculpture
• The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
• Carvaggio
• Highly emotional
• Biblical scenes
• Peter Paul Reubens
• Christian subjects, Roman goddesses and nudes

54
RELIGIOUS WARS

• 1559 - 1648

55
PHILIP II

• Escorial
• Wanted to re-impose Catholicism
• Palace to symbolize his commitment to Catholicism
• Battle of Lepanto
• War against the Turks
• Defeated Turkish navy
• Ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean
• The Dutch Revolt (Netherlands)
• William I led 17 provinces against Spanish
  Inquisition
• United Provinces of the Netherlands formed was
  blow to Philip II
• Spanish Netherlands remained Catholic
• Amsterdam becomes commercial capital of the world

56
SPAIN VS. ENGLAND

• Queen Mary Tudor tried to re-impose Catholicism
  in England
• Queen Elizabeth I reversed Marys decisions with
  the Elizabethan Settlement
• Elizabeth help the Protestant Netherlands
• Spain wanted revenge for the Dutch Revolt and
  Mary Stuart
• Spanish Armada
• Spanish navy destroyed
• England becomes the worlds naval power
• Spain declines

57
FRENCH CIVIL WARS

• Catherine de Medicis dominated
• Nobles became Huguenots
• France was devided
• Bourbons Huguenots
• Guise Ultra-Catholic
• Valois Catholic ruling family
• St. Bartholomew Day Massacre (1572)
• Marriage between Valois princess and leader of
  Huguenots (Henry of Navarre)
• Catherine de Medici orders the massacre of the
  Calvinists

58

• War of the Three Henrys
• Civil War among the 3 groups
• Henry IV (Henry Navarre)
• Ended the War of the Three Henrys
• Politique
• Paris is worth a Mass
• Edict of Nantes
• Religious toleration granted to Huguenots
• Private worship allowed
• Allowed access to education and jobs
• Huguenots kept 200 fortified towns creating a
  state within a state

59
THIRTY YEARS WAR1618 - 1648

• Defenestration of Prague
• Triggers war 1st phase of war in Bohemia
• Restrictions placed on Protestants
• Edict of Restitution
• Declaration by HRE that all church territory was
  to restored to Catholic Church repealing the
  Peace of Augsburg
• Gustavus Adolphus
• Swedish King pushed Catholic forces back to
  Bohemia
• Ended Hapsburgs dream of reuniting Germany as
  Catholic
• Cardinal Richelieu
• In the 4th phase Richelieu allies France (C) with
  the Protestant forces to defeat the Hapsburgs (C)
• This was a political decision, not religious
• Wanted to weaken the Hapsburg Empire

60

• Treaty of Westphalia
• Ended 30 Years War
• Renewal of Peace of Augsburg adding Calvinism
• Netherlands and Switzerland gains independence
• 300 German states gain sovereignty
• France and Brandenburg (Prussia) gain territory
• The Hapsburgs are divided Spain and Austria
• Results
• Germany physically devastated
• Germany remains divided politically and
  religiously
• Ended religious wars
• France becomes dominant power

61
AGE OF ABSOLUTISM
62
PHILOSOPHY

• Jean Bodin
• Only Absolutism could provide order and force
• Thomas Hobbes
• Humans are poor, nasty and brutish
• Favored Enlightened despots
• Bishop Jacques Bossuet
• Advocated Divine Rights of Kings
• Believed King was placed on the throne by God

63
FRANCE

• France was divided into three Estates
• 1st Estate Clergy
• 2nd Estate Nobles
• 3rd Estate Bourgeoisie, Urban workers
  peasants (95)
• Hierarchy was based on rank and privilege
• Agrarian
• Cultural center

64
HENRY IV

• 1st King of the Bourbons
• Nobility
• Nobility of the Sword
• Nobility of the Robe New nobles who purchased
  title from the King
• Duke of Sully
• Mercantilism
• Encouraged industry
• Reduced debt
• Improved transportation system (Roads and Canals)

65
LOUIS XIII

• Cardinal Richelieu
• Intendant System
• Weakens nobility
• Replaces local officials with civil servants
  (Intendants)
• Loyal to the King
• Subdues Huguenots
• Removes walls and armies
• Thirty Years War

66
LOUIS XIV

• Letat, cest moi I am the State
• The Sun King
• Cardinal Mazarin
• Ruled France while Louis XIV was a child
• Angered the Fronde (Nobles)
• Fronde
• Revolted during Louis XIV childhood
• Louis determined to control Nobles from then on
• Corvee Forced labor

67

• Versailles
• Most impressive palace (Baroque)
• Cost 60 of annual budget
• Controlled Noblity
• Edict of Fountainbleau
• Revoked Edict of Nantes
• Hugenots fled France
• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Financial Minister (Mercantilism)
• Bullionism
• Transportation system improved
• Trade increased
• Industrial power

68

• War of Devolution
• Louis XIV invaded Spanish Netherlands
• Wanted throne for this wife
• Gets Alsace
• War of the League of Augsburg
• William of Orange (England) joins the League to
  block France
• Starts Anglo-French rivalry

69

• War of Spanish Succession
• Charles II of Spain gives throne to grandson of
  Louis XIV
• Grand Alliance opposes France
• Treaty of Utrecht
• Maintains balance of power
• Ends Louis XIV expansionism
• Britain gets Asiento and Gibraltar
• Prussian King recognized
• Spanish and Bourbon dynasties cannot be united
• Destroys French economy
• England grows in power

70
SPAIN

• Spain declines in 17th Century
• Economy hurt by loss of Jews and Moors
• Spanish trade cut 60 by Brits and Dutch
• Spanish treasury is bankrupt
• Taxes hurt the peasants
• Inflation from the price revolution hurt
  industries
• Military defeats
• Spanish Armada
• Thirty Years War
• Treaty of Pyrenees
• War of Spanish Succession

71
EASTERN VS. WESTERN

• WESTERN ABSOLUTISM
• Divine Right of Kings
• Absolute Monarchs not subordinate to Assemblies
• Nobility brought under control
• Government officials appointed by King
• Control of Catholic Church
• Secret police
• Early Totalitarianism

72

• EASTERN ABSOLUTISM
• Based on a powerful nobility, weak middle class
  and an oppressed peasantry composed of serfs
• Kings imposed taxes without consent of their
  subjects
• Maintained standing armies

73
SERFDOM

• Serfdom strong in Eastern Europe
• Drop in population created labor shortages (Black
  Death)
• Nobles demanded kings and princes to restrict
  movement of peasants
• Heavy labor obligations on serfs and non-serfs
  such as the robot that required 3-4 days a month
  of work for the noble
• Hereditary serfdom established
• Eastern nobles power allowed them to keep their
  serfs

74
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• The ruler of Austria Hapsburgs
• Austrian Hapsburgs controlled Naples, Milan,
  Austrian Netherlands (Belgium), and Hungary
• Hungary was the largest part of the dominion
  whose dominant group were the Magyars
• It was a multinational empire with Germans,
  Italians, Czechs, Hungarians, Serbians,
  Romanians, etc included
• The siege of Vienna repelled the Turks in 1683
  ending the Ottoman influence in Central Europe
• Emperor Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction
  (1713) that the empire is never to be divided and
  passed to his daughter Maria Theresa in 1740.

75
PRUSSIA

• Hohenzollerns were the ruling family
• Marriages allowed the Hohenzollerns to gain
  territory
• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-88)
• Religious toleration granted to Jews and
  Catholics
• Created the most efficient army in Europe
• Junkers were the backbone of the Prussian
  Military officers (Nobles)
• Frederick I
• 1st King of Prussia
• Encouraged higher education
• Fought two wars with Louis XIV to maintain
  balance of power

76

• Frederick William I
• Made Prussia the Sparta of the North
• Doubled the size of the military
• 80 of revenue went to the military
• Army was seen as a deterence
• Established schools for peasant children
• Civil service advancement based on merit

77
RUSSIA

• Ivan III (The Great)
• Ended Mongol domination of Muscovy
• Established Moscow as Third Rome for the Eastern
  Orthodox Church
• The Czar (Tsar) claimed divine right absolute
  power
• Fought with the Boyars (nobles) for power
• Ivan IV (The Terrible)
• Increased the size of Russia
• Cossacks were a problem
• Executed Nobles who opposed him
• Increased serfdom

78

• Period of famine, wars and power struggles
  followed Ivan IV known as the Time of Troubles
• Cossacks
• Sweden and Poland
• Michael Romanov
• Selected by the Boyars to be the new Czar
• Expanded empire to the Pacific Ocean
• The Cossack revolts led to more restrictions on
  the serfs
• Old Believers opposed the influx of Western
  European religious groups into Russia
• Began Westernizing Russia

79

• Peter the Great (1682-1725)
• The revolt of the Strelski was defeated by Peter
• Expanded the army by requiring serfs to serve 25
  year enlistments
• 75 of budget
• Royal military academies
• The Great Northern War against Sweden gave Russia
  Latvia and Estonia that will become is Window on
  the West in the Baltic Sea
• He will import western technology and experts to
  Westernize Russia
• Peter ruled by decree
• The Table of Ranks set education standards for
  civil servants
• Orthodox Church became a part of the government
  under his control
• The Winter Palace in St. Petersburg was to model
  Versailles

80
OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• Could not maintain possessions in the Balkans and
  Central Europe because of Russian and Austrian
  advances
• Suleiman the Magnificent nearly conquered ½ of
  Eastern Europe
• The Janissary corps were Christian slaves
  selected to loyal servants in the Ottoman
  bureaucracy
• As Muslim religious leaders gained influence they
  rejected European ideas speeding up its decline
  as the Sick Man of Europe

81
POLAND

• Liberum veto required a unanimous vote in the
  Polish parliament to make changes
• Russia and Prussia encouraged nobles to invoke
  liberum veto to weaken Poland
• Poland carved up by Russia, Austria and Prussia
  by 1800.

82
CONSTITUTIONALISM
83
STUART ENGLAND

• James I
• Believed in divine right of kings
• No bishop, No King
• Dissolved Parliament over taxes
• Guy Fawkes Plot
• King James Bible
• Charles I
• Divine Right of Kings
• Wanted to rule without Parliament
• Taxes and Quartering of troops

84

• Petition of Right (1628)
• Parliament wanted basic legal rights in return
  for taxes
• Only Parliament can levy taxes
• No imprisonment without due process of law
• Habeas corpus
• No quartering of troops
• No martial law during peacetime
• King agrees to get taxes
• Dissolves Parliament (1629)
• Parliament refuses to raise taxes
• Rules without Parliament
• Raises money using Medieval forms of taxation
• Ship Money

85

• Archbishop Laud
• Drives Puritans out of Church of England
• The Short Parliament (1640)
• Scottish revolt over English Prayer Book
• Charles needed taxes but is disbanded over not
  acceptance of Petition of Right
• The Long Parliament (1640-1648)
• Scottish victory
• Parliament cannot be dissolved
• Archbishop Laud executed
• Star Chamber abolished
• Common law over Royal law

86
OLIVER CROMWELL

• Charles tries to arrest Puritan leaders in
  Parliament starting the English Civil War
• Cavaliers
• Supporters of the King (Anglican Church)
• Old Nobility
• Irish Catholics
• Roundheads
• Puritans and Presbyterians
• London
• Businessmen
• Scotland
• Oliver Cromwell
• Commander of Roundheads New Model Army
• Defeated Charles I at Nasby
• Stops Scottish invasion

87

• Prides Purge
• New Model Army removes non-Puritans from
  Parliament
• Rump Parliament
• Charles I beheaded
• New Sects Emerge
• Levellers Social and Political Reforms
• Diggers Rejected Parliaments authority and
  private ownership of land
• Quakers Inner light
• Rejected Church authority
• Pacifists
• Allowed women to preach
• The Interregnum No King
• The Commonwealth established a Republic
• Military Dictatorship in reality

88

• The Protectorate
• Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell
• Dissolves Rump Parliament
• England divided in 12 military districts
• Denies religious freedom to Anglicans and
  Catholics
• Jews encouraged to return
• Military Accomplishments
• Violently puts down Irish revolt
• 2/3 of Catholic owned land given to Protestants
• Conquers Scotland

89

• Puritan Regulations
• Enforcement of Public morality
• No theatres, dancing, or sports
• Strict observance of the Sabbath
• Press censored
• Led to the restoration of Charles II

90
RESTORATION

• Charles II
• Agreed the Kings power was not absolute
• Religious toleration granted
• Tories and Whigs
• Tories Nobles, Gentry, Anglicans, pro-Monarchy
• Whigs Middle-class, Anglicans, pro-Parliament
• The Clarendon Code (1661)
• Restriction on Catholics and Puritans
• The Test Act (1673)
• Excluded from voting, teaching, preaching,
  government those unwilling to accept the
  sacraments of the Church of England

91

• Catholicism
• Charles II granted religious toleration to
  Catholics
• Deal with Louis XIV for
• Popish Plot Titus Oates
• Dissolved Parliament over succession crisis
• Law denying succession to James II who was
  Catholic
• Habeas Corpus Act (1679)
• Prisoners be in court
• Just cause for imprisonment
• Speedy trials
• No Double jeopardy
• Scotland
• Charles II names himself head of the Church of
  Scotland
• Wanted to impose Anglican Church
• Killing Time in Scotland

92

• James II (1655-58)
• Wanted to return England to Catholicism
• Granted Religious freedom to all
• Starts the Glorious Revolution

93
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION1688

• Parliament wanted a Constitutional Monarchy
• Declaration of Indulgence
• Grants freedom of worship to Catholics
• Catholic heir is born
• James II abdicates throne
• William and Mary
• Parliament declares them joint monarchs
• Agrees to the Bill of Rights

94

• The Bill of Rights
• King cannot be Roman Catholic
• Laws made with consent of Parliament
• Parliament has freedom of speech
• Taxation only with Parliament approval
• Due process of law
• Right to bear arms
• Right of petition
• No dissolving of Parliament by monarch
• John Locke
• Defends Glorious Revolution
• People create a government to protect their
  natural rights
• Life, Liberty and Property
• Act of Settlement (1701)
• If no successor then crown goes to the House of
  Hanover
• German princes

95

• The Cabinet System
• The leading ministers selected by the majority
  party of the House of Commons make common policy
• They conduct the business of the country under
  the Prime Minister
• Robert Walpole
• 1st Prime Minister
• Cabinet was responsible to House of Commons and
  not the King

96
NETHERLANDS

• Government controlled by bourgeoisie
• Confederation of 7 provinces
• Each province was self-governing and represented
  in the Estates General
• Each province elected a stadholder (governor)
• In times of crisis they elected one stadholder to
  be the military leader (House of Orange)

97
RELIGION, ECONOMICS POLITICS

• Calvinism was dominant religion
• Dutch Reformed
• Arminian
• Catholics and Jews enjoyed religious toleration
• Cosmopolitan society
• Amsterdam (Banking and Trade)
• Relied on Commerce
• Dutch East India Company
• Wars with England, France and the Spanish
  Succession caused them to decline

98
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Medieval views were based on Aristotle and
  Ptolemy
• Geocentric
• Church views, traditions and practices governed
  society
• Causes of Revolution
• Free inquiry by philosophers
• Scientific figures taught at universities
• Renaissance stimulated science in rediscovering
  ancient mathematics

99
COPERNICUS

• On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
• Heliocentric View
• Challenged Ptolemy and the book of Genesis
• Theory condemned by Catholics, Luther and Calvin
• Tycho Brahe
• Observatory collected data
• Wanted to disprove Copernicus theory
• Johannes Kepler
• Three Laws of Planetary Motion
• Orbits are elliptical
• Proved Copernican Theory

100
GALILEO

• Developed the Laws of Motion
• Used Empiricism (Controlled Experiments
• Validated Copernicus Theory with telescope
• Law of inertia
• Forced to recant by Pope Urban VII

101
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• Francis Bacon Inductive Method (Empiricism)
• Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment and organize
  data
• Find the truth at the end
• Rene Descartes Deductive Method
• Discourse on Method
• Cogito Ergo Sum
• Start with clear facts and subdivide each problem
  into as many parts as possible
• Cartesian Dualism divided Mind and Matter
• Modern Scientific Method
• Inductive Method Deductive Method

102
SIR ISAAC NEWTON

• Incorporated the astronomy of Copernicus and
  Kepler with the physics of Galileo to explain the
  order and design of the universe
• Principia
• Natural Laws of Motion Gravitation
• Natural laws are unchangeable and predictable
• Deism

103
EFFECTS

• Astronomy
• Mathematics
• Deism
• God is a Clock Maker
• He set the universe into motion and watches
• Prayer not needed
• Anatomy
• William Harvey Blood flow
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek Bacteria
• Scientific Community
• Governments encouraged Scientific discoveries
• Prestige and new technology
• Royal Society of England
• Navigation
• Led directly to the Enlightenment

104
ENLIGHTENMENT
105
IMPACT ON SOCIETY

• Emergence of a secular world view
• Enlightened Despotism
• American and French Revolutions
• Education reforms
• Growth of Laissez Faire capitalism
• Classical Liberalism
• Individual liberties
• Equality before the law
• Natural Rights
• General Will
• Freedom of Speech, Religion and Press

106
JOHN LOCKE

• Two Treatises of Civil Government
• State of Nature Humans are good but lack
  protections
• Natural Rights Life, Liberty and Property
• Education is the key to human development
• Tabula Rasa

107
PHILOSOPHES

• Believed in progress through discovering the
  natural laws governing nature and human existence
• Voltaire
• Challenged traditional Catholic theology
• Crush the infamous thing
• Advocated Enlightened Despotism
• Defend to the death your right to freedom of
  speech
• Baron de Montesquieu
• Separation of powers into three branches
• Checks and balances
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Social Contract
• General Will
• All men are born free but everywhere are in
  chains
• Man was a noble savage
• Emile believed in progressive education through
  learning by doing

108

• Denis Diderot
• Editor of Encyclopedia
• Compilation of political and social critiques of
  the various Enlightenment philosophes
• Emphasized science and reason
• Critical of religion, injustice and tyranny
• Marquis Beccaria
• On Crimes and Punishments
• Humanize criminal laws
• Equality before the law
• Opposed torture

109
ADAM SMITH

• Francois Quesnay was leader of the French
  physiocrats who opposed mercantilism and favored
  laissez faire
• Adam Smith
• Wealth of Nations
• Expanded Laissez Faire
• Too much government control hurt production
• Believed economy governed by natural laws of
  supply and demand
• Government should provide schools, roads and
  military to protect trade

110
WOMEN

• Salons
• Emile Women are to be obedient wife and mother
• Voltaire Women are capable of all that men do
• Women patronized philosophes (Diderot)
• Mary Wollstonecraft promoted political and
  educational equality for women to end womens
  subjugation to men (slaves)

111
IMMANUEL KANT

• While reason can neither prove nor disprove the
  existence of God, faith and intuition can lead
  one to understand the spiritual truths, existence
  of God, immortality and heaven and hell.
• What is the Enlightenment

112
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
113
CHARACTERISTICS

• Belief that Absolute Rulers should promote the
  good of the people
• Religious toleration
• Legal codes
• Increased access to education
• Reduction or elimination of torture and the death
  penalty

114
FREDERICK THE GREAT

• First Servant of the State
• Reforms increased power of the state
• Religious freedom to Catholics and Jews
• Created a clear unified national code of law
• Freed serfs on royal lands
• Abolished capital punishment
• Junkers backbone of Prussia
• Nobles
• Serfdom maintained
• Marriages not recognized between nobles and
  commoners

115
CATHERINE THE GREAT

• Boyars given complete control of serfs
• Imported western culture into Russia
• Printing Press introduced
• Restricted torture
• Limited religious toleration Old Believers
• Only nobles benefited

116
MARIA THERESA

• Pragmatic Sanction
• Limited the power of the nobles and Church
• Partially freed the serfs
• Reduced tortures
• Suppressed the Jesuits
• Taxed the church
• Economics
• Abolished guilds
• Abolished internal tariffs
• Improved transportation

117
JOSEPH II

• Abolished serfdom
• Freedom of religion given to Protestants and Jews
• Reformed judicial system
• Abolished torture and death penalty
• Established hospitals
• Expanded state schools
• Made parks available to public
• Made German the official language

118
EUROPE IN THE 17th 18th CENTURIES
119
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

• 80 of Western Europe were farmers and higher in
  the East
• Open Field System
• England and Netherlands
• Increase in food production led to population
  explosion
• New methods of cultivation
• Cornelius Vermuyden Drainage
• Charles Townsend Crop rotation
• Jethro Tull Seed Drill
• Robert Bakewell Selective Breeding
• Columbian Exchange
• Potatoes and Corn
• Sugar

120

• Enclosure Movement
• 1st Enclosure (16th Century) for Sheep
• 2nd Enclosure (18th Century) ended Open Field
  System
• Commericalization of Agriculture
• Increased farm size
• Corn Laws benefited landowners
• Peasants forced off land
• Impact of Agricultural Revolution
• Population Explosion
• Enclosure movement
• Cottage Industry
• Lower food prices

121
ATLANTIC ECONOMY

• Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Great Britain and
  France
• Mercantilism
• Bullionism
• Navigation Acts
• Triangular Trade
• The Dutch
• The Slave Trade

122

• The Bubbles
• Colonial Wars
• Britain vs. France
• Treaty of Utrecht
• Ended War of Spanish Succession
• Asiento given to Britain
• Seven Years War
• Started over who would control North America
• Treaty of Paris ended war
• France lost Canada
• Spain given Louisiana
• Britain received India
• The American Revolution
• France
• Britain lost American colonies

123
POPULATION GROWTH

• Potato
• Better diet better immune system
• Improved sanitation system
• Medicine advances (Edward Jenner)

124
THE FAMILY
125
EDUCATION AND HEALTH
126
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
127
ANCIEN REGIME

• Louis XV restored the Parlement
• First Estate
• Second Estate
• Third Estate
• Taille
• Corvee
• Bourgeoisie
• Lettre de cachet
• Arrest warrant without charges or trial

128
LONG-TERM CAUSES

• American ideals of liberty
• Enlightenment ideas led to criticism of
  government
• Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau
• Laissez faire
• Adam Smith
• French debt
• American Revolution

129
SHORT TERM CAUSES

• France was bankrupt because of the debt
• Inefficient tax system
• Inflation (65)
• Jacques Necker tried to raise taxes on Nobility
• Assembly of Notables
• Famine and drought
• Cahiers de doleances
• Complaints

130
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

• Estates General (May 1789)
• Abbe Sieyes What is the Third Estate
• Tennis Court Oath
• The Great Fear
• August 4th Nobility abolished
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• Men are free and equal
• Natural Rights are to be protected
• General Will
• Freedom of Speech and Religion
• Separation of Powers

131

• March to Versailles
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
• Secularized religion
• Monasteries abolished
• Church property used to pay debts
• Clergy to be elected and forbidden to accept
  authority of the Pope
• Refactory Clergy Refused to accept it
• Divides France
• Metric System
• Le Chapelier law
• Outlawed strikes and unions

132

• Assignats backed by Church property
• Flight to Varennes
• Louis XVI and family tried to escape
• Wanted to create a counter-revolutionary army

133
WOMEN

• Women Improvements
• Right to divorce
• Inherit property
• Child support
• Equality?
• Could not vote or hold office
• No belief in gender equality
• Olympe de Gouges
• Declaration of the Rights of Woman
• Wanted the same rights as men had

134

• Mary Wollstonecraft
• Vindication of the Rights of Woman
• Womens Suffrage
• Womens March to Versailles
• Jean Paul Marat
• Bread shortages
• Forced King, Queen and son to return to Paris

135
REVOLUTION AND EUROPE

• Edmund Burke
• Defended inherited privileges of monarchy and
  nobles
• Predicted anarchy and dictatorship
• Denounced the enlightenment political philosophy
  as abstract
• Thomas Paine
• Defended Enlightenment and French Revolution
• Saw triumph of liberty over despotism
• European Monarchs were now worried
• Declaration of Pillnitz
• Influenced by the emigres
• Prussia and Austria promised to restore the
  French monarchy
• Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria

136

• War of the First Coalition
• Brunswick Manifesto
• Threat to destroy Paris if royal family is harmed
• Lazare Carnot Levee en masse
• Nationalism (Liberty, Equality and Fraternity)
• Napoleon
• Battle of the Pyramids

137
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

• Replaces National Assembly 1791-92
• Jacobins dominate
• Girondins
• Paris Commune
• Revolutionary municipal government
• September Massacres

138
NATIONAL CONVENTION

• Jacobins
• The Mountain (Radical)
• The Girondins
• Sans-culottes
• Louis XVI executed
• The Mountain and sans-culottes oust the Girondins
• Marat stabbed

139
REIGN OF TERROR

• Committee of Public Safety
• Internal and external challenges
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Law of the Maximum
• Planned economy
• Lowered prices
• Law of Suspects
• Alleged enemies of revolution were tried
• Marie Antoinette
• Guillotine
• 40K executed
• 300K imprisoned
• No one was safe

140

• Republic of Virtue
• Cult of the Supreme Being
• Deistic Religion
• Robespierre
• Temple of Reason
• New calendar
• Thermidorian Reaction
• Opposition to Robespierre
• Ended the Reign of Terror

141
THE DIRECTORY

• 5 member executive to govern France
• Bourgeoisie in control
• Reduced power of sans-culottes
• Conspiracy of Equals
• Gracchus Babeuf
• Wanted a dictatorial democracy with equality and
  no property rights
• Napoleon returns
• Coup dEtat

142
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

• 1799 - 1815

143
ENLIGHTENED NAPOLEON

• Consulate Period First Consul
• Napoleonic Code
• Equality before the law
• Freedom of religion
• Property rights
• Abolishment of serfdom
• Careers
• Concordat of 1801
• French keeps the lands taken
• France appoints clergy
• Catholic worship allowed in public
• Toleration given to Protestants and Jews

144

• Bank of France
• Economic Reforms
• Lower food prices
• Increased employment
• Tax system better
• Le Chapelier continued
• Educational Reforms
• Preparation for government service professional
  occupations
• Police state repressed liberty, subverted
  Republicanism and restored Absolutism under
  Napoleon

145
NAPOLEONIC WARS

• Crowned himself emperor
• The Grand Empire
• Battle of Trafalgar
• Battle of Austerlitz
• Confederation of the Rhine
• The Continental System
• The Peninsular War
• The Russian Campaign
• Frankfurt Proposals
• Quadruple Alliance
• Charter of 1814
• Hundred Days
• Battle of Waterloo

146
CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• Met to redraw the territorial lines and restore
  the social and political order of the ancien
  regime (Conservatives)
• Prince Metternich
• Czar Alexander I
• Poland
• Holy Alliance
• Legitimacy
• Restore the monarchs
• Compensation
• England Naval bases
• Austria Italian provinces
• Russia Poland
• Prussia Rhineland
• Sweden Norway

147

• Balance of Power
• No one power could cause a general war
• Encircle France
• Belgium and Netherlands united
• Switzerland neutrality
• Austria in control of German Confederation (Bund)
• The Concert of Europe (1815-1848)
• Keep the status quo
• Congress System (1815-1822)
• Same as above

148
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
149
ROOTS

• Machines replaced humans and animal power
• The Price Revolution stimulated production
• Capitalism Surplus of by middle class
  invested
• Scientific Revolution
• Cottage Industry Putting Out System

150
ENGLAND

• Land and Geography
• Good supply of coal and iron
• Waterways provided power
• Agricultural Revolution
• Enclosure movement created a supply of workers
• Revolutions in agriculture created more food for
  more workers
• Avoided continental wars
• Bank of England funded industry
• Colonial Empire
• Raw materials
• Market for British products

151

• Stable government with a strong middle class
• Textiles
• Cotton
• Mechanized
• Women workers
• Coal and Steam Engines
• Iron created heavy industries
• British dominated world markets
• British technology and engineers were best in the
  world

152
INVENTIONS

• Flying Shuttle John Kay
• Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves
• Water Frame Richard Arkwright
• Steam Engine James Watt

153
TRANSPORATION REVOLUTION

• Steam Power
• Raw materials delivered to factories
• Robert Fultons Steamboat
• George Stephenson Rocket
• 1st important RR in the heart of industrial
  England
• Reduced cost of shipping
• Increased size of market more demand
• Increased the demand for urban workers
• RR used to travel to work

154
1815 INDUSTRIALIZED EUROPE

• Napoleonic Wars delayed industrialization
• Studied Britains mistakes
• Borrowed British technology, engineers and
• Illegal until 1843
• Belgium, Holland, France and US just after 1815
• Germany, Austria and Italy by 1850
• Eastern Europe and Russia after 1885
• Credit Mobilier helped build RR
• Zollverein
• German tarriff on non-German imports
• Free trade zone among member German states

155

• Bourgeoisie
• Factory owners
• Golden Age
• Protestants and Jews
• Bankers

156
URBANIZATION

• Birth of factory towns
• Manchester
• 3 large cities to 31 in 35 years
• Cities switched from cultural centers to
  industrial centers
• Concentration of the population made conditions
  worse
• Families working on the farm were an economic
  unit but industrialization/urbanization changed
  that
• Work was taken away from the home
• Man was the breadwinner

157

• Womens role was now tied to domestic duties
• Single women worked for low wages and faced
  exploitation
• Irish workers came to Britain for better jobs and
  to escape