Earth

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Earth Our Solar System
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Menu

• Neptune
• Pluto
• Asteroids
• Meteorites
• Comets
• Solar System, Galaxies The Universe
• Gravity
• Satellites
• Is There E. T. Life?
• Red Shift
• The Life Cycle of a Star
• Related websites

• Recap of KS3
• The Moon Space Travel
• The Solar System
• The Sun
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus

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Recap of KS3 Earth in Space
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A Day is the time for one spin
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What keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth?
GRAVITY
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The Earth is divided up into the northern
hemisphere and the southern hemisphere
The axis of the earth is tilted.
This gives us Seasons
Equator
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Autumn
Spring
Winter
Summer
Winter
Summer
Spring
Autumn
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We see planets and the moon because they reflect
sunlight
The sun is different it produces its own light.
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We see stars because the light enters our eyes
directly - Stars are luminous objects (planets
are non- luminous).
The sun is different it produces its own light.
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Solar Systems, Galaxies and the Universe
OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit
the centre of
THE MILKY WAY (which is one of a billion galaxies
that orbit AND move away from the centre of)
THE UNIVERSE
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Europe From Space (Can you spot where you live?)
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Where is This?
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It wasnt the Moon!

• Asteroids have hit the Earth thousands of times
  in the past.
• Did you know?- an asteroid the size of your local
  mountain killed the dinosaurs

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The Moon Space Travel
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The Moon is 250 Thousand Miles Away!!
Where is the sunlight coming from?
Sunlight
Remember.Light travels in straight lines!
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• The Earth has 1 moon. It takes 1 month to orbit
  the Earth
• It is a natural satellite of the Earth and is
  250,000 miles away
• It is responsible for our tides , has no
  atmosphere and gravity of only 1/6th of Earths

The Moon
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• The first person in Space was Yuri Gagarin 1961
  
• Neil Armstrong was the first person to stand on
  the moon on 20th July 1969
• Only 12 astronauts have stood on the moon (their
  footprints are still there)

Astronauts
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Shuttles

• This is the first reusable spacecraft. It is the
  most complicated and expensive machine ever built
• It has 28,000 individually made shuttle tiles for
  insulation

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This Machine Drives The Shuttle To The Launch Pad

• It has less than 300 miles on the clock!
• For every mile the CRAWLER travels it uses 150
  gallons of fuel!

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This is the Vehicle Assembly Building

• It is one of the biggest buildings in the world
• It is SO BIG that clouds form inside it!
• You could easily drive a BUS up each stripe on
  the American Flag

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Only 12 people have stood on the Moon
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They went in a rocket like this
This is the ONLY part that the astronauts would
live in. The rest of the rocket is fuel!
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When do you think people will live in space
permanently?
People are living in the International Space
Station NOW!
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The Solar System
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The Solar System

• Asteroids
• Meteorites and
• comets Menu

• The Sun
• 9 Planets (and their moons)

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The Sun
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The Sun

• Is a Star at the centre of the Solar System.
• It is about 5 Billion years old
• Diameter 1.4 million km
• Core temperature 15 million oC

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Mercury
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• This is the nearest planet to the Sun. It moves
  faster through space than any other planet (Orbit
  88 days)
• Rotates so slowly that its day is longer than its
  year!)
• Has the most extreme temperature variations of
  any planet (from 183oC on its dark side to 427
  oC on the sunlit side)

Mercury
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Venus
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Venus

• Rocky planet and the second closest to the Sun
• Spins backwards
• The brightest and hottest planet in the sky
  (Temps about 480 oC)
• It Rains sulphuric acid (the greenhouse effect
  gone wild)
• Winds reach 360 km/hour

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Earth
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• 3rd Rock from the Sun
• The only planet known to support life
• Protective atmosphere blocks out harmful
  radiation
• 70 covered by water
• 4.5 billion years old
• We travel through space at a speed of 108,000
  km/h

Earth
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Mars
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• Known as the Red Planet
• Has the largest volcano in the solar system at
  27km high!
• Has 2 small moons
• Rotation of 24.5 hours
• Atmosphere is 95 carbon dioxide
• This is the first picture that has been sent back
  from the surface of another planet

Mars
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Jupiter
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• Largest planet in the Solar System (300 times
  bigger than Earth)
• 28 moons
• It is a gas planet and has no solid surface
• Has a giant storm -the Red Spot with 250 mph
  winds (twice the size of Earth)
• Jupiter is SO big, all of the other planets could
  fit into it!

Jupiter
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Saturn
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• A Gas planet
• Famous for its rings (made from rocks ice
  particles)
• At least 30 moons
• Its winds blow in different directions but can
  reach 1,500 km/h
• Saturn is less dense than water. This means it
  will float on water!

Saturn
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Which Is Your Favourite?

• Saturn is pretty cool!!!!

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Uranus
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Uranus

• Third largest planet
• Blue/ green colour due to traces of methane in
  the atmosphere
• The only planet to spin on its side
• 11 rings
• 21 moons
• Another gas planet

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Neptune
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Neptune

• Has the fastest winds in the solar system (up to
  2,000 km/h)
• 8 moons
• Triton is the coldest object in the solar system
  with a temperature of 235 oC

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Pluto
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Pluto

• Smallest planet in the Solar System
• Farthest from the Sun
• Only discovered in 1930
• The surface temperature is so cold (-220 oC) that
  even the atmosphere freezes
• It takes 248 years to orbit the Sun

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Asteroids
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• Asteroids are material left over from the
  formation of the Solar System
• They vary in size from a pebble to 1,000km in
  diameter
• They are found mainly in the Asteroid Belt that
  lies between Mars Jupiter
• Some Asteroids are so big they have their own
  moons

Asteroids
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Meteorites
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Meteorites

• Meteorites travel at 9 times the speed of a
  bullet
• When they reach our atmosphere they burn up
  because of the friction and the presence of
  oxygen in our atmosphere.

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Comets
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Comets

• A comet is simply a dirty snowball made from dust
  and ice
• Comets range in size from between 1km to 10 km.
• Once the Solar System would have swarmed with
  comets. Now they only visit us occasionally.
• Usually found in the Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud

Menu
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The Solar System, Galaxies The Universe
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Solar Systems, Galaxies and the Universe
OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit
the centre of
THE MILKY WAY (which is one of a billion galaxies
that orbit AND move away from the centre of)
THE UNIVERSE
Menu
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Gravity
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The Earth Is Kept In Orbit By The Force Of
Gravity
(and by the fact that is is moving at a high
velocity)
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Gravity (in Detail)
The amount of gravity attracting an object
decreases the further out the object is
If you double the distance the gravitational
force divides by 4
If you triple the distance the force divides by 9
F/9
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Satellites
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Satellites
A satellite is anything that orbits something
else. The Earth has a natural satellite ( the
moon). The Earth has hundreds of artificial
satellites orbiting around it.

• All satellites need two things in order to
  stay in orbit
• Gravity
• High speed

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What Can We Use Satellites For?
1) Observation (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope)
these are in orbit high above the Earth and can
observe the universe without interference by the
atmosphere.
It can take pictures like this.. Each swirl (and
there are LOTS in this picture) is a GALAXY!
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2) Communications (e.g. TV, phone, car
navigational systems) these satellites are in
geostationary orbits. This means that the
satellite always stays above the same point on
the Earth.
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3) Monitoring (e.g. weather, spy satellites)
these satellites have a low polar orbit and may
scan around the Earth several times a day
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Is There Life Anywhere Else?
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Is There Life Elsewhere?

• Obtaining evidence is difficult, time consuming
  and very costly!
• The options are-
• Astronauts travel to Mars

• Use robots to take pictures and send them back

• Use robots to bring back samples

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• How Can We Analyse The Evidence?
• Use microscopes to search for remains inside
  sample. (eg in meteorite ALH 8001)
• Place sample in container and monitor changes in
  the environment (due to living organisms)

Is this evidence of Alien life?
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Red Shift
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If you pass the light through a gas something
different is seen It is called Absorption Spectra
This is the absorption spectrum from the Sun
Absorption spectra show which wavelengths of
light are absorbed by the gas (this is how we
know the sun is made of helium).
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Light from stars and from the edge of the
universe also shows this REDSHIFT which
suggests that everything in the universe is
moving away from a single point.
Big Bang Theory
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REDSHIFT
As Star moves away
We see the colours of the spectrum moving towards
the wavelength of RED
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Can you explain what each diagram is showing?
A
B
C
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The Life Cycle of a Star
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Stage 1 NEBULAE
A nebula is a collection of dust, gas and rock.
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Stage 2 PROTOSTAR
As they move inwards their gravitational
potential energy is converted into heat and a
PROTOSTAR is formed
This is a NEBULA Gravity will slowly pull these
particles together
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Stage 3 MAIN SEQUENCE STAR
(-Like Our Sun)
The attraction forces pulling the particles
inwards are BALANCED by forces acting outwards
(due to the huge temperatures inside the star).
Stars are like nuclear reactors that use hydrogen
as a fuel. During this time it releases energy.
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Stage 4 RED GIANT
Eventually the hydrogen and helium will run out.
When this happens the star will become colder and
redder and start to swell
Relatively small star (like our sun) .
Star 4 times size of our SUN
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Stage 5 The Star Dies
What happens at this point depends on the size of
the star
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2) If the star becomes a RED SUPERGIANT it will
shrink and then EXPLODE, releasing massive
amounts of energy, dust and gas.
Red Supergiant
Supernova
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The dust and gas on the outside of the supernova
are thrown away by the explosion and the
remaining core turns into a NEUTRON STAR. If
the star is big enough it could become a BLACK
HOLE.
Neutron Star
Supernova
Black Hole
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Stage 6 Second Generation Stars
Our sun is a second generation star because it
contains heavier elements along with hydrogen and
helium. These heavier elements would have been
the products of a previous star that have been
thrown out by a supernova. Heavy elements (such
as GOLD) are also found on Earth.
Just think! .Next time you wear GOLD.it was
made in a Supernovae!!!
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Related Websites
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http//www.brainpop.com/science/weather/seasons/in
dex.weml - Seasons, a great explanation of why we
have seasons, (Earths tilt etc). http//www.bbc.c
o.uk/planets/ - BBCs Planets site, lots of
information on each planet history, stats, etc
(jigsaw activities to build the solar system,
place all the moons, and identify artificial
satellites).
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http//www.sprocketworks.com/shockwave/load.asp?Sp
rMoviemissionpathsweb - Play with interactive
animations to learn how four different space
missions used gravity assists to save fuel and
gain momentum. 
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