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The Age of Anxiety

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Title: The Age of Anxiety


1
The Age of Anxiety
  • 1919-1939

2
New Cultural Frontiers
  • Postwar Pessimism
  • Anti-war sentiment
  • The "lost generation
  • Term used by Gertrude Stein to label American
    intellectuals and authors in Paris.
  • Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, etc.
  • Postwar writers expressed their disillusion and
    revulsion in poetry and fiction.
  • Attacks on progress
  • Science and democracy became fallen idols

3
The Great Depression ?
  • A global depression.
  • The weakness of global economy.
  • The complicated financial relationships among the
    Allies, Germany-Austria, and U.S.
  • As United States lenders withdrew capital from
    Europe (1928), the financial system strained.
  • U.S. was becoming more and more isolated.
  • Industrial innovations reduced demand for raw
    materials such as rubber, coal, and cotton.

4
The Crash of 1929
  • United States economic boom prompted many to
    invest in speculative ventures.
  • On Oct. 29, 1929 stock prices plummeted,
    investors lost life savings.
  • Otherwise know as Black Tuesday.
  • Lenders called in loans, forcing investors to
    sell their securities at any price.

5
Economic Contraction Spreads
  • Financial chaos led to reduced consumer demand
    and business failure.
  • By 1932, the United States industrial production
    and national income dropped by half.
  • Tightening of United States economy created a
    ripple effect that circled the globe.
  • Industrial economies of Germany and Japan
    suffered the most.

6
Personal Suffering
  • Millions of people struggled for food, clothing,
    and shelter.
  • Anguish and despair led to social divisions and
    class hatreds.
  • Writers criticized social and political order,
    calling for a just society.

7
Global Depression ?
  • Economic Experimentation
  • John Maynard Keynes theories of economics.
  • Keynesian economics.
  • Governments should play an active role in
    stimulating economy and consumer demand.
  • The New Deal
  • Roosevelt protected banking system, provided jobs
    and farm subsidies, legislation on minimum wage,
    social security, and workers' unions.
  • But it was the military spending of WW II that
    ended the depression in the United States.

8
Global Depression ?
  • Japanese approaches.
  • Japan came out of the depression by 1931 through
    government measures at expense of workers'
    interests.
  • German approaches.
  • Germany recovered by the mid-1930s through public
    works, deficit spending, and military preparation.

9
Global Depression ?
  • From Lenin to Stalin.
  • The Great Purge
  • Disaster of collectivization generated
    controversy and doubt concerning Stalin's
    administration
  • Stalin purged 2/3 of Central Committee members
    and more than 1/2 of the army's high-ranking
    officers from 1935-38.
  • By 1939, 8 million people were in labor camps and
    3 million died during ethnic cleansing.
  • The world watched the Soviet Union with contempt
    and fear.

10
Socialism in One Country
  • Stalin favored "socialism in one country.
  • He established dictatorship through murders and
    purges in 1928.
  • Replaced Lenin's NEP with the First Five-Year
    Plan in 1929.

11
New Leaders and New Ideasin Europe during the
1930s
  • AP World History
  • Unit 5

12
Totalitarianism
13
How did Totalitarianism come about?
  • Step 1 Treaty of Versailles.
  • Step 2 Stock Market Crash of 1929.
  • Step 3 Great Depression of the 1930s.
  • Step 4 Increased influence from new political
    parties that emphasized government control.
  • Step 5 Total control of the government by a
    dictator.

14
Characteristics of Totalitarianism
  • Government establishes complete control of all
    aspects of the state.
  • Political, military, economy, social, and
    cultural.
  • Highly nationalistic.
  • Flags, salutes, rallies, and uniforms.
  • Strict controls and laws.
  • Military state.
  • Secret police, army, and navy.

15
Characteristics of Totalitarianism
  • Censorship.
  • Opposing literature and ideas.
  • Propaganda
  • Media
  • Radio, newspapers, and posters.
  • One leader
  • A charismatic dictator.
  • Total conformity of people to ideas and the
    leader.
  • Terror and Fear.

16
Soviet Communism
  • Also known as Stalinism.
  • Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from
    1922-1953.
  • Combines elements of communism with a
    totalitarian and military state.

17
Fascism
  • Fascisms name comes from the fasces.
  • An ancient Roman symbol of authority.
  • Intense nationalism and elitists mindset.
  • Totalitarian control
  • Interests of the state more important than
    individual rights.
  • Maintains class system and private ownership.
  • Most well known example is in Italy.
  • Lead by Benito Mussolini from 1922-1943.

18
Nazism
  • Extreme form of Fascism, Nationalism, and
    Totalitarianism.
  • Based on the beliefs of the National Socialist
    German Workers Party.
  • Belief in a superior race.
  • The Aryan or master race.
  • Belief that all Germans should have a
  • living space in Europe.
  • Violent hatred of Jews.
  • Belief that Jews were the cause of all of
  • Germanys problems.
  • Led by Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945.
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