???????????? Introduction to Traveling Salesman Problems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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???????????? Introduction to Traveling Salesman Problems

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Title: ???????????? Introduction to Traveling Salesman Problems


1
????????????Introduction to Traveling Salesman
Problems
  • ????????????
  • ????

2
??????????(Traveling Salesman Problem)
  • ??????????
  • ????????????
  • ??????????

3
??????????
  • ?????????????1???????,
  • ?????????????????????.
  • 6?????,
  • 5!/2 5432 / 2 60??.
  • n ?????, (n - 1)! /2 ??.
  • ??, ?????????
  • ?????????????.
  • TSP(Traveling Salesman Problem)
  • ???????????

4
??????????
  • ?????????? (???????)?????????.
  • ???????????
  • ??????????????.

5
?????????????
  • ??????1???????,?????????????????????.
  • ???,?????????,
  • ????????????.
  • (?????????)
  • ????????,
  • ????????.

6
?????????????
  • ???????
  • ?????????????
  • ?????????.
  • ?????????????,
  • ????????????????,
  • (??????????).
  • ???????????????.
  • ???TSP????
  • ?? ??????
  • ?????? ????
  • ?? ??????????

7
???????????????????
  • ?????
  • ???TSP ??????????????? ??
  • ??TSP ??????????????
  • ??TSP ????????,
  • ??????2??????? ??
  • ????
  • m?TSP ???????m?????????
  • ??????1??????1?????
  • ???1???????????????
  • (Chinese
    Postman Problem)

8
Hamilton ????
  • ????????????
  • ???????

9
???
  • ??????????????????
  • ???, ?, ?, ?, ?
  • ?a, b, c, d, e, f
  • a 1,2, b 2,3, ...

1
4
d
f
c
a
5
e
2
3
b
10
Hamilton ????
  • Hamilton ???????????1???????, ???????(??).
  • ?????????Hamilton?????????
  • YESHamilton ???? NOHamilton ????

11
Hamilton ?
  • William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865)
  • ?Hamilton?4????????????????.
  • Icosian Game ?12???????(20?)?,
  • ??1?????????????(2????)???.Hamilton
    ?25??????????.
  • 1?? ???4?
  • (5????)???.
  • 2?? 5???????.
  • ?12????????,
  • ??1???????????,
  • ?????,??.

5
20
4
2
1
3
12
????
13
????
  • The Traveling Salesman Problem,
  • E. L. Lawler, J. K. Lenstra, A. H. G. Rinnooy
    Kan,
  • and D. B. Shmoys, Wiley, 1985.

14
????
  • ????????????????,
  • ????, ????, ????.

15
????
  • ??????????????,
  • ???, ????, ????.

16
??????
  • ?????????????
  • ????

17
??????????
  • (??)TSP??n????, (n-1)!/2??.
  • ??????????,
  • ??????,?????????????.
  • ???? (Combination Lock)
  • ????????,
  • ???????(?????)
  • ?????.
  • ????????, ???????.
  • ??????????????????,
  • ???????????????????.

18
???
  • ,-,,, ??
  • 5??????????1step??????.
  • (???,?????????.)
  • Q1. a1, ...,an ?2???????.
  • (1) 2a1??? 2an , 2n-1 steps? O(n)??.
  • (2) 2(a1???an) , n steps? O(n)??.
  • Q2. a1b1???anbn???. 2n-1 steps ? O(n)??.
  • Q3.nn??2?????.
  • ??????? n2(2n-1) steps ? O(n3)??.
  • ? Strassen ???? O(n2.7).

19
?????????
  • ????????????,
  • ???????????.
  • ????? ??????????????.
  • O(n)
  • O(n log n ) ???????
  • O(n2) polynomial time algorithm
  • O(n3)
  • O(2n) ??????
  • O(n!) exponential time algorithm

O(n log2 n ) O(n log10 n )
20
??????
  • (??)TSP??n????, (n-1)!/2??.
  • 100MIPS (mega instructions per second)
  • 1???100?????1? ? 10-6?
  • ?? 3.01010cm/? (10-6? ? 300m??)
  • n 10 100 1,000
    10,000
  • n 10-5? 10-4? 10-4?
    0.001?
  • n2 10-4? 0.01? 1?
    100?
  • n3 0.001? 1? 16.6?
    277??
  • 2n 0.001? 1014?? 10284?? -------
  • n! 0.036? 10141?? 102551?? -------
    ?????!
  • ????? 1.5108 ?? (150??)

21
??????????????
  • ?????????,????????!
  • 10???????????
  • 100MIPS 10? 100? 1000?
  • n 107 108
    109 1010
  • n2 3? 1? 3?
    10?
  • n3 215 462 1?
    2?
  • 2n 23 27 30
    33
  • n! 10 11 12
    13
  • 1000?? 1step ? 10-9? ? 10-9? ???30cm??
  • 5mm??????1.710-11 ????0.5cm??.

22
????????
  • 5 mm ?? ????
  • ??5mm????? 1.710-11 ???,
  • 1step??1.710-11 ????.
  • ???????????????
  • 2.01019?.
  • 100MIPS???????,?????????
  • n 100
    1,000 .
  • 2n 1014?? ? 0.85 ? 10284?? ? 10263??
  • n! 10141?? ? 10120?? 102551?? ? 102530??
  • ??????????, ??????????????.

23
??????(Computational Complexity )
24
???????????
  • ???????????????
  • ??YES?NO?,????????????.
  • ????????????
  • ??????????????
  • YES(??)???????????.(??????)
  • NO(??)??????????????????
  • ??????????
  • YES (??)?????????.
  • NO(??)???????????????
  • ???????????????

25
Hamiton ????
  • Hamilton ??
  • ?????????1???????,
  • ???????(??).
  • Hamilton?????????
  • YESHamilton ???? NOHamilton ????
  • ????

26
????
  • 4?????4??????????.

27
???? (NO??)
  • ?????????(NO!) ? ?????????

2n?? O(n2.5)?????????????.
28
NP-?? (NP-complete)
  • ????YES-NO ??????
  • ???NP YES??????????????
  • ???co-NPNO??????????????
  • ???P??????????????????
  • ???NP-?????????????
  • ??????????????

???NP-??
Hamilton????
???P
????
29
???????
  • ??????????????????,
  • ??????????. ?????
  • ?????
  • n?O(n)???????.

30
??TSP
  • ????????????(????)??
  • ????? ???
  • ????????,????????????.
  • ?????????

31
TSP?????
  • ?????
  • ?????
  • ??????

32
TSP??????
  • ???? (exact algorithm)
  • ????1??????
  • ???? (approximation algorithm)
  • ??????????(????)???????.
  • ????? (heuristic algorithm)
  • ???????????????.??????????.

33
????
  • ???????
  • ?????????????

34
???????(??TSP)
  • ????????,????????!
  • 1954 49?? ?????
  • Dantzig, Fulkerson and Johnson
  • 1971 65?? ?????????
  • Held and Karp
  • 1980 318?? ??????
  • Christofides and Padberg
  • 1991 666?? ??????
  • Grotschel and Holland
  • 1991 2,392?? ??????
  • Padberg and Rinaldi
  • 1993 4,461?? ???????????
  • Applegate, Bixby, Chvatal and Cook
  • 1994 7,397?? ???????????
  • Applegate, Bixby, Chvatal and Cook

35
????
  • ???????
  • ????2????

36
??????
  • ??
  • ?????? M???,???????.
  • ??????(??)TSP????,?????????M???????????????
  • ??????NP-?????.
  • ????M??????????????,????(TSP)????????.
  • ?????????????,???????.

37
???????????2-????
  • ????????????????
  • ???????????????.
  • ??????????(???????????)???????.
  • ??????????????

38
2?????
  • ?????????????,???????
  • ?????????, ?????????,
  • ????????. ??????.
  • 2????????
  • ?2???????????????????

39
?????(??TSP)
  • ?????
  • ? Simulated Annealing
  • ? Tabu Search

40
?????
  • ??? (construction method)
  • nearest neighbor ?
  • nearest addition ?
  • farthest insertion ?
  • ??? (improvement method)
  • ????? (local search method)
  • ??????? (simulated annealing method)
  • ????? (tabu search method)
  • ?????????(genetic algorithm)
  • ??????????? (neural network)
  • (TSP?????.??????????)

41
???
  • ? nearest neighbor ?
  • ? nearest addition ?
  • ? farthest insertion ?

42
???
  • nearest neighbor ?(??????? 15 ??)
  • nearest addition ? (??????? 20 ??)
  • farthest insertion ? (??????? 5 ??)

43
???
  • ?????? (local search method)
  • ????????
  • (simulated annealing method)
  • ?????? (tabu search method)

44
????? (Local Search)
  • ?????????
  • ???????
  • ?????????????????

45
????? (local search method)
  • ?????????
  • ???? (hill climbing method) ??????.
  • ???????(??????????)?,????????????????,????????????
    .

??
?????
46
2-opt???????????
  • 2-opt??2?????????
  • ??????????
  • ????????2????????, ????????????????,
  • (1???????),?????????????????.
  • Nearest Neighbor 2-opt (?????2.5??)

47
?????????(?)

?????
??????
??????
??
(???)???
??
48
?????
  • ?????????????
  • 2-opt ????2????????????.
  • 3-opt ????3????????????.
  • 4-opt ????4????????????.

49
?????
  • ? 2-opt 3-opt 4-opt
    ?? .
  • ????? ?? ? ??
  • ???? ??? ? ???
  • ????????????????????
  • ??????,?????????,?????????????????.
  • Nearest neighbor (?????15??)
  • Nearest neighbor 2-opt (2.5??)
  • Nearest neighbor 2,3-opt (0.3??)

50
???????
  • Lin and Kernighan ???
  • ????????,???????????????,?????????????.
  • ????????????????,???????????,?????????.
  • d?? (e ??,?????)

51
Lin and Kernighan ???
  • ???????,?????(?????)??,?????.???????

?????
???
52
??????????
53
????????
  • ??????,??????????.
  • ???????????????
  • ????????,?????????
  • (multiple start local search)
  • ????????????
  • (iterated local search)
  • ?????????
  • ??????? (simulated annealing method)
  • ?????-????
  • ?????? (tabu search method)

54
Iterated Local Search
  • ?????????????,
  • ???????????.
  • (1???)

55
iterated local search
  • iterated local search????????????,
  • ???????????????.
  • ???????????? Lin and Kernighan???????,???????????
    ,(????) 4-opt ??????,???????????.

56
???????(Simulated Annealing)
  • ??????????
  • ??????????.
  • ???????????,
  • ????????????.
  • (3???)

57
simulated annealing
  • annealing ????
  • ?????????????????,???????????????????.
  • ??????????
  • ??? x ?????????1?y ???.
  • if (x ?? y ???), then (x ?? y ???).
  • else (???? p? x ?? y ???).
  • x ? y ?????? ? ?????? p??.
  • ?????(??) ? ?????? p??.
  • ?????????????????.

58
simulated annealing
  • ?????????.(???? f (x) )
  • ????? x,??????T???.
  • x ?????????1?y ???.
  • if (x ?? y ????), then (x ? y ???).
  • else (?? exp- f(x)-f(y) / T? x ? y???).
  • ???f(x)-f(y)?? ? ????????.
  • ??T??? ? ????????.
  • (??????,????????????????.)
  • ??????????????.
  • ??????k?????Tk?1/log(k1)

59
simulated annealing ???
  • ????1?????????.
  • ??????????.
  • ????????????????????.
  • 24opt ??????????.
  • ??Hajek
  • simulated annealing ????????Markov
    chain??????????,???????? simulated annealing
    ??????????,??1?????????.
  • ???????????????,O(n !)????.

60
?????(Tabu Search)
  • ??????????
  • ??????????.
  • ???????????,??????.
  • (4???)

61
????????
  • (??????)?????????
  • ??????????????????.
  • ????????????,????????????.
  • ??????,
  • ?????????????.
  • ??????????,
  • ????????????????.
  • (???????)

62
tabu search
  • 2-opt ??2??????
  • tabu?????
  • ? e?? f ????????,
  • ??????????,
  • e ??? f ???? 2-opt ???????.
  • tabu list???????????????????.
  • tabu search ??? 2-opt ?????,
  • ??????????????.
  • tabu lengthtabu ?????????.
  • ???? 511 ?????????.

63
?????(?????)???
  • ??????????????,
  • ??????????????????,
  • ????????????.
  • ??????????????????,
  • ??????????(??)???????.
  • ?????????,???????????.

64
tabu search ???
  • ??????????
  • ????????????.
  • ?????????
  • ??????????????????.
  • ???????????(????).
  • ????????????????.

65
???
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