BIOLOGY 1 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

BIOLOGY 1

Description:

BIOLOGY 1 GCSE Science Chapter 1 Adaptation and Competition Classifying Organisms It s likely that there are around 15 million living organisms! – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:124
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 27
Provided by: WelshJoin59
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: BIOLOGY 1


1
BIOLOGY 1
  • Adaptation and Competition

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
2
Classifying Organisms
  • Its likely that there are around 15 million
    living organisms!
  • Only about 1.8 million of these have been named.
  • In order to make it easier to study organisms,
    scientists sort them into groups this is called
    classification

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
3
Why classify organisms?
  • Scientists place similar organisms in the same
    group.
  • You can usually see that these organisms have
    similar characteristics. You can also have very
    different looking organisms in the same group
    because they share similar DNA.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
4
The grouping system
  • Kingdom
  • The first group that organisms are placed in is
    a Kingdom. Examples are Animals and Plants.
  • The animal kingdom has organisms as diverse as
    an elephant and a fly!

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
5
Classifying the Tiger
Kingdom Animal
Phylum Chordates (vertebrates)
Class Mammal
Order Carnivore
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species tigris
GCSE Science
Chapter 1
6
Scientific name
  • In order to give an organism its scientific
    name, you take the name of its genus and its
    species e.g. with the tiger it is Panthera tigris
  • This is called the binomial system of naming
    organisms.
  • The name appears in italics with the first
    letter of the genus written in a capital letter.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
7
Why does an organism need a scientific name?
  • The binomial system of naming is used worldwide.
    Scientists, no matter where they live, would know
    that the Panthera tigris is a tiger even though
    the local name for it is different. e.g. in China
    , ?? is the name for the tiger.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
8
Why Latin?
  • The names of the groups come from the Latin.
    This is because it was the scientist Carl von
    Linne (1707 -1778) who started the binomial
    system of classification. He was so fond of the
    Latin language that he even changed his own name
    to Carolus Linnaeus! In those days, Latin was the
    main language for teaching science. The names
    have remained to this day.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
9
Adaptation
  • Every living organism has been adapted to live in
    a particular environment.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
10
Comparing two Foxes

These two foxes are closely related, but because
they have adapted to live in very different
habitats, they look quite different
GCSE Science
Chapter 1
Desert Fox
Arctic Fox
11
Differences between the foxes
  • Size of the ear a large surface area to the
    outer ear (pinna) allows heat to radiate from the
    body and a smaller outer ear retains as much heat
    as possible.
  • Body fat and thick fur coat this is more
    apparent in arctic animals that want to insulate
    their bodies as efficiently as possible.
  • Colour having fur thats the same colour as
    the environment, allows animals to blend into
    their background and become more difficult to
    see. This is called camouflage.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
12
Plant Adaptation
  • Plants are also adapted to live in their
    specific habitats. If a plant lives in a hot,
    arid (dry) habitat, then it must be very
    efficient at conserving water.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
13

Plant Adaptation
This is how a cactus survives the desert
  • Spines instead of leaves
  • succulent stem
  • thick cuticle (a wax-like substance over the leaf
    surface)
  • No stomata (small holes) in the leaf or stem

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
14
These two adaptations help the organism to
survive, as producing a lot of offspring
increases the chances of survival.
GCSE Science
Chapter 1
Dandelion dispersing its seeds
Insects laying a large number of eggs
15
Competition
  • If organisms share the same habitat and are
    dependent on the same resources, then they
    compete with each other. This can happen between
    organisms of the same species or between
    different species.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
16
Fight!
  • It could be over
  • food
  • territory
  • a partner
  • Why do you think that these two lions are
    fighting?

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
17
From small acorns
  • The acorn shown has germinated and grown into an
    oak sapling). In the forest it will be competing
    for
  • sunlight
  • water
  • minerals from the soil

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
18
Predator and Prey
  • A populations size depends on the number of
    predators and prey. The lynx is the predator in
    the example below, and the hare is the prey.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
19
  • if the population of hare increases, there will
    be more food for the lynx, and their numbers
    increase.
  • As more hares are eaten, their population
    decreases.
  • The pattern of a predators population matches
    that of its prey, as can be seen in the following
    graph

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
20
Predator-Prey Graph
GCSE Science
Chapter 1
21
Pollution Indicating Species
  • A Pollution Indicator is anything that shows us
    if pollution has happened.
  • Species vary significantly between clean and
    polluted areas. The cleanliness of a river can be
    monitored by looking at the species of aquatic
    organisms that live in it.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
22
Indicator Species in Freshwater
  • A large population of tubeworms in a river tells
    us that there are low oxygen levels. They are red
    in colour because they contain haemoglobin (the
    red pigment found in red blood cells) to capture
    dissolved oxygen from the water.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
red tubeworms
23
  • Oxygen levels can be a measure of pollution. pH
    is also measured to determine how clean water is.
    A data logger can be used to measure these
    factors.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
Data logger
24
Trent Biotic Index
  • This is a standard method of measuring
    pollution. It is based on the fact that different
    organisms can resist different degrees of
    pollution. The next slide shows an interpretation
    of Trent Biotic Index results.

GCSE Science
Chapter 1
25
Trent Biotic Index Interpretation
Index State Typical Animals
XI-X Very clean Trout, salmon
VII-X Clean Fish and various arthropods
VI-VII Clean As above but fewer species
V-VI Fairly clean A few fish, freshwater fleas
III-IV Dubious As above but fewer species
II-IV Dubious As above but only fish
I-III Poor Insect larvae and tubeworms
0-I Poor Anaerobic organisms only
GCSE Science
Chapter 1
26
Lichen
  • Plants can also be good indicators of pollution.
    Lichen are very sensitive to sulphur dioxide in
    the air. They do not grow well in areas with air
    pollution.

Lichen growing n a tree in a clean air area.
GCSE Science
Chapter 1
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com