(Transformational) Generative Grammar

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(Transformational) Generative Grammar

• (??) ?? ??

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?? ??? ?? ??

• ?? ??(Traditional Grammar)
• ???? ??(Structuralism)
• (??) ?? ??
• (Transformational Generative Grammar)

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1. ?? ??(Traditional Grammar)

• Latin-based grammar
• prescriptive grammar (?? ??)
• data from written languages (?? ??? ??)
• Europe, studies on Latin, Greek, Sanskrit
  comparative linguistics
• Indo-European language family ??? ??? ??.
• It was Thomas Young who in 1813 first used the
  term
• Indo-European, which became the standard
  scientific term
• through the work of Franz Bopp, whose
  systematic comparison
• of these and other old languages supported the
  theory.

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2. ???? ??(Structural Grammar)

• descriptive grammar (?? ??)
• data from spoken languages (??? ???? ??)
• 20C? ????? ???? ???
• ??? ???? ?? ? scientific analysis
• a. Language is science.
• b. Language is living.
• c. Language is changing.
• d. Language is for communication
• ????? ??? Behaviorism(???? ???)? ????
  ??-??(mimicry-memorize)? ??-??(stimulus-respond)?
  ??? ???
• ???, ???, pattern drill, open/closed classes, IC
  Cut ? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???.

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2. ???? ??(Structural Grammar)

• Henry Sweet (1845 1912)
• In 1877, Sweet published A Handbook of
  Phonetics.
• The Sounds of English (1908) was his last book
  on English pronunciation.
• IPA (International Phonetic Association/Alphabet)
  
• Otto Jespersen (1860 -1943)
• 1924 Principles of English Grammar
• 1933 Essentials of English Grammar
• Leonard Bloomfield (1887 1949)
• 1933. Language
• Charles C. Fries (1887 1967)
• 1957. The Structure of English An
  Introduction to the Construction
• of English Sentences

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3. (??) ?? ?? (Transformational Generative
Grammar)

• descriptive grammar (?? ??)
• Saussure (1857-1913)
• Saussure (1914/1916) Cours de linguistique
  générale
• (Course in
  General Linguistics)
• langue vs. parole
• signified(??) vs. signifier(??)
• ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??.
• Chomsky (1957) ???? ??? ???? ??
• innate linguistic abilities of learning a
  language linguistic growth
• poverty of stimulus (??? ??)
• deep/underlying vs. surface structures
• linguistic competence vs. linguistic performance

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?? ??? ??? ??
René Descartes (1596-1650), rationalism
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), creativity

• ???? ? ????
• ???? ?? ????, ???
• ??? ?? ????
• ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??.
• ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????.
• ???? ????? ???? ?? ???,
• ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????.

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???? ???? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ??
Platos Problem ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ????
????
??? ??? ?? ?? Universal Grammar
Orwells Problem ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???
???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????
??(Constraints)

Descartess Problem ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??
? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???
??(innateness) Creativity ???? ??? ??? ??
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language competence vs. language
performance
????? ????

• Generative Grammar
• ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??, ? ???
  ??(I-language)? ???? ????? ??.
• Structural Grammar
• ???????? ??? ?????
• ??? ??(E-language)? ????.

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??????

• ??????(1965) ????
• ??????(1981)
• ??????
• ? 1988 ?????
• ? 1993 ??????

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1. Standard Theory (????)

• Chomsky, Noam (1965) Aspects of Syntactic Theory
• ?????
• ??? ??????(Transformational Generative
  Grammar)? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??.
• Indefinite number of sentences(surface
  structures) are derived by means of applying
  transformational rules to underlying(deep)
  structure.

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??????(Transformational Generative Grammar)?
framework(?)

•        Phrase Structure Rules
•                      Projection
  Rules
•             Lexicon
•          deep structure
•                   lt
  transformational rules
• (Deletion,
  Substitution, Insertion, Movement) 
•         surface structure
•                 lt Morphophonemic
  rules(Affix Hopping)
•           utterances

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(e.g.)   deep structure John past
break the window

•     Structural Description  NP-past-V-NP
•     Structural Index          1,   2,  
  3,  4
•     Structural Change       
•      Passivization ?      4, 2 be -en, 3,
  0, by1
•     surface structure
• the window past be
  -en- V by John
•    
•   Affix Hopping ?  
• (utterance) The window was broken by
  John.

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Phrase Structure Rules(PSRs)?????

• S ? NP AUX VP
• NP ? (Det) (A) N (S) (PP)
• AUX ? TNS (M) (have en) (be ing) (be en)
• VP ? V (PP)
• VP ? V Adv
• VP ? V NP
• VP ? V NP PP

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Lexicon (???)

• Grammatical categories
• Subcategorizational rules
• Selectional restrictions
• Argument structures

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Subcategorizational rules(????? ??)

• (1) a. John vanished.
• b. John vanished into the forest.
• (2) a. John belongs.
• b. John belongs to the group.
• (3) a. John put.
• b. John put the book.
• c. John put the book on the desk.

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Subcategorizational rules

• (1) vanish ltVgt, ___ (PP)
• (2) belong ltVgt, ___ PP to-NP
• (3) put ltVgt, ___ NP LOC PP
• (4) make ltVgt, ___ NP (PP to/for-NP)