DNA

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Chapter 12

• DNA

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1. DNA Basics

1. Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. Located in the nucleus of all cells.
3. Instructions for all structures, chemicals and
   functions of the whole organism (instruction
   manual, encyclopedia)
4. Discovered by James Watson Francis Crick in the
   1950s.

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• Human to Human DNA (ex. yours to mine)
• 99.8
• Human to Chimp
• 99
• Human to Gorilla
• 98

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Remember?

• 3. Nucleus- controls cell activities
• 4. DNA- instruction manual for nucleus

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2. DNA Structure

• Double helix twisted ladder, twisted zipper

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• b. Sides of the DNA are alternating sugar and
  phosphate molecules.

Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate
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c. The steps contain the code for all the
important information, nitrogen bases. A matches
with T G matches with C Adenine-Thymine Guanine-
Cytosine
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G C

• A matches with T
• G matches with C

T
G
A
T
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• End of Part 1

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A little cell stuff
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Mitosis

• Cell division for normal body cells.
• Used to replace old cells, repair wounds, supply
  cells for growth.
• Ends with 2 cells just like the original (if you
  start with 1 cell of 46 chromosomes, you end up
  with 2 cells with 46 chromosomes)

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Interphase
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Prophase
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase
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3. Metaphase
2. Prophase
1/6. Interphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
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• Mitosis pages 246-247

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Chapter 12- DNA

• Part 2

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3. DNA Functions

• DNA Replication- making a copy of the chromosomes
  during mitosis.
• DNA/Chromosome unwinds unzips
• Free nucleotides in the nucleus join on both
  sides, A-T and G-C
• This continues until the DNA completely unzips
  and you have 2 exact copies of the DNA/chromosome.

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• DNA Replication Movie 1
• DNA Replication Movie 2
• DNA Replication Movie 3

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Homework

1. Copy fig. 12.11 into your notes, p. 298
2. Be sure your DNA model Mitosis diagram are done.

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Chapter 12- DNA

• Part 3

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DNA Functions

• Replication
• Control of all cell activities
• DNA (_____)

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DNA Functions

• Replication
• Control of all cell activities
• DNA (nucleus) Protein formation

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DNA Functions

• Replication
• Control of all cell activities
• DNA (nucleus) Protein formation
• (ribosome)
• DNA contains the instructions for the formation
  of all cell proteins.
• Proteins do all the work of the cell.

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DNA
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4. RNA ribonucleic acid

• RNA basics
• RNA is single stranded
• RNA has a different sugar molecule
• RNA has a different nitrogen base
• Adenine - Uracil
• Guanine - Cytosine

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• messengerRNA Synthesis (transcription)
• DNA unzips only the gene needed to make a
  particular protein.
• RNA nucleotides join on one side of DNA.
• When the stop signal is reached, mRNA unhooks
  leaves the nucleus.
• DNA zips back up.

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5. Protein Synthesis

1. mRNA is made in the nucleus, according to the DNA
   code
2. mRNA leaves the nucleus hooks on to a ribosome
3. Ribosome reads the mRNA, 3 nitrogen bases at a
   time (codon)
4. tRNA (transfer) brings amino acids to the ribosome

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• If the anticodon on the tRNA matches the codon on
  the mRNA, the amino acid is joined on to the
  forming protein.
• When the stop codon is reached
• Protein breaks off goes to work
• tRNAs go get more amino acids
• mRNA goes through ribosome again or is broken up
  recycled

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Homework p. 306 1-4

• Read pages 300-306!

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• leucine
• lysine
• methionine
• phenylalanine
• proline
• serine
• threonine
• tryptophan
• tyrosine
• valine
• stop

• alanine
• arginine
• asparagine
• aspartic acid
• cysteine
• glutamine
• glutamic acid
• glycine
• histidine
• isoleucine

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Quizito

• What part of proteins synthesis does each
  character represent?
• Sergei
• Pentagon
• Blueprints
• Soviet engineers
• Trucks carrying materials

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Protein Synthesis

1. Transcription of mRNA in the nucleus
2. mRNA goes to the ribosome
3. Amino acids carried to the ribosome by tRNA
4. Ribosomes line up the amino acids according to
   the mRNA
5. Protein is formed.

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T G A R P

• Toms
• Grandpa
• Always
• Rides
• Ponies

Two Girls Ate Rotten Pickles