SOP of ABO typing - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SOP of ABO typing

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Urinalysis * Urinalysis – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: SOP of ABO typing


1
Urinalysis

  • ??? ????

2
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3
Introduction
  • ??????????????,?????????????????????????
    ,????????liquid gold???,??????????????????,?????
    ???????

4
Specimen collection
  • ??????????,??????????????,?????????????,?????,????
    ????????,?????,????????????????(trichomonas,
    yeast, and during menses, red cells.),????????????
    ????????????????
  • ????,??????????????????????,???????????????,??????
    ????,??????????????

5
????????????
????
????
????
????
?????
pH?????
pH?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
???????
??/?????
? ?
???????????????
??????
??????????
???????????
????????????????
?????????CO2??
?????(????)
??????,??????????
????,Acetoacetate?????
?????,???biliverdin
?????,??????
????????????
6
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7
Gravity
  • ?????????SG (specific gravity)????
  • ???1.012,
  • ??1.0021.006,
  • ??1.0051.030,

8
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9
Glucose
  • Interpretation???????180mg/dl?,???????????????
  • Positive test?????????????????????
  • False-positive test??????????????????,????????
  • False-negative result?????????????C?tetracycline,
    or L-dopa?

10
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11
Bilirubins urobilinogen
  • Principle
  • Unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin??????reticuloend
    othelial system?????? Unconjugated
    bilirubin????????????,???????????????
  • Unconjugated bilirubin?glucuronic
    acid????????conjugated (direct bilirubin),?conjuga
    ted bilirubin????????????????,????????????,??1???
    ?????

12
Bilirubins urobilinogen
  • Conjugated bilirubin appearing in urine generally
    indicates that there is excess conjugated
    bilirubin in bloodstream. This can occur when
    there is either
  • 1) Obstruction to bile outflow from the liver
    (intra- or extrahepatic), or
  • 2) Hepatocellular disease with resultant
    inability of hepatocytes to sufficiently excrete
    conjugated bilirubin into the bile.
  • 3)Hemolysis(X)

13
Bilirubins urobilinogen
  • Principle
  • ???Conjugated bilirubin??colon bacteria???Unconjug
    ated bilirubin????urobilinogen,????????,??????????
    ???????
  • ????urobilinogen??????????????,??????????(25)?1m
    g/dL?????????????,???urobilinogen????????

14
Bilirubins urobilinogen
  • Interpretation
  • ?????????indirect bilirubin??,????????urobilinogen
    ??,??urinary bilirubin??????
  • Complete biliary obstruction,???????bilirubin?????
    ????urobilinogen,???????direct bilirubin??,??urina
    ry bilirubin??,?????? urobilinogen??????
  • ??????????direct bilirubin?????? urinary
    bilirubin and urinary urobilinogen??????

15
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  • ??
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16
Protein
  • Proteinuria ???????????????80-150mg,??30?albumin
    ,30?serum globulins,40?????,????????Tamm-Horsfal
    l glycoproteins,??????????albumin??,???20-30mg/dl?
    ????????? ?
  • may be observed in healthy individuals after
    strenuous exercise or with dehydration and in
    febrile illness possibly due to dehydration and
    relative renal ischemia.

17
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18
Urine PH
  • ???PH??????5.06.5??,?????????????4.57.8?
  • ??????????????-?????????????????????(????)?
  • ??????????????-??(?????????????)??????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????

19
Urine PH
  • ?????????????PH59,??????PH???7.5??,??????,???????
    ????,????????????????????????,???????Proteus
    mirabilis????Klebsiella,Pseudomonas,Providencia
    ?Staphylococcus????????,???????,??????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
    ??(cystine)?????

20
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21
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22
Ketones
  • Interpretation????? ketoacidosis
    ???ketonuria,????????DM?alcoholism?????18?????????
    ??/???????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??L-dopa or phenolphthalein?????

23
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24
Leukocyte esterase nitrite
  • Principle Nitrate?????????????nitrite,??????????
    ????????,????????????????????????
  • InterpretationLeukocyte esterase and
    nitrite?????????????,??????positive,??????????UTI?

25
Leukocyte esterase nitrite
  • Leukecyte esterase??????????????,????????????????
    ????5????????,????????????????????,??????????????

26
Leukocyte esterase nitrite
  • Nitrite?????,??????????(1)??????????,???????????
    ???????(2) ??????????? (3)??????????????,???4????
    ?,????????????????????????,??????????,?????????

27
Leukocyte esterase nitrite
  • Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter,
    Proteus, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas species
    positive?Nitrite?????false negative
    result,?Enterococcus???nitrate???nitrite,????Vit
    C????????????????????????????nitrite???
  • ???????,Leukocyte esterase and nitrite????U/C,micr
    oscopy,?Grams stain?
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