Your grade: in class and homework, experiment, 3 X exams... Final

1

• Your grade in class and homework, experiment, 3
  X exams... Final
• Plus up to 3 points for discussions

2

• Exam 3 in-class Th 5/5
• take-home will be due Th 4/28

3

• Final exam is cumulative and optional
• no take-home for the final exam

4
Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while
the brain integrates the incoming signals to
determine an appropriate response.
Fig 46.1
Responses can be release of hormones, change in
cell activity, or muscle contraction
Response
5
Muscles allow movement
6
An earthworm without something to push against,
muscles are not much use.
7
The skeleton, made of bones, gives support
Fig 50.34
8
Bones (connective tissue) are alive
9
Connections between bones and muscles
10
Muscles can only contract. Therefore, two
muscles are needed for each range of motion.
Fig 50.32
11
2 nerve signals for every movement excitatory
and inhibitory
Fig 50.32
12
How do muscles contract?
13
Fig 50.29
Excitatory neuro-transmitters released by motor
neurons cause muscle cells to contract
14
Fig 50.25
Muscle cells are comprised of series of
sarcomeres.
15
Fig 50.25
Each sarcomere is a repeating unit of actin and
myosin proteins
16
Fig 50.25
As each sarcomere contracts, the muscle cell
contracts
17
Fig 50.27
ATP provides the energy for myosin movement along
the actin
18
Fig 50.25
How is this regulated?
19
Fig 50.29
Neuro-transmitters released at nerve/ muscle
junction cause calcium to be released in muscle
20
Fig 50.28
A third protein, tropomyosin controls when the
muscle contracts
21
The contraction of muscle cells causes the muscle
to contract
22
muscle contraction animation http//www.blackwell
publishing.com/matthews/myosin.html Cadavers
and muscles http//www.youtube.com/watch?vxdZR4zn
KRV0
23
In class 4/14 What is consciousness? Who has
it?People? Non-human animals? Plants?
Computers? How can you measure
consciousness? Is consciousness important?
24

• Your grade in class and homework, experiment, 3
  X exams... Final
• Plus up to 3 points for discussions