AP Exam Preparation

1
AP Exam Preparation Environmental Quality and
Pollution

• Dr. Rick Woodward

2
Todays Agenda (Feb 21, 2012)

• A. Subject AP Readiness (Start reviewing all of
  your notes and my PowerPoints and class agendas
  that are on-line.
• B. If you are absent, check my website, you are
  responsible for all of the material that you
  missed during your absence.
• C. In 1998, this was the first year that the AP
  Environmental Science Exam was offered. (Most
  Exams are now Released)
• -You should be reviewing these.
• D. You owe me a weekend project.
• E. I will take away your electronic devices if
  you are using them during my class.

3
Review Books Other Resources

• Some Good Review Sources
• 2. Barrons (good book, four practice tests at
  the end)
• 3. Prentice Hall (More comprehensive)
• 4. AP Central on-line Resources Teacher Section
  Student Section (1999 2011) -FRQs Multiple
  Choice Questions
• -Look at scoring guides and study these
  guides.
• 5. Look at Released Exams
• 6. Review my amazing comprehensive lectures
  focusing on current developments in environmental
  science.
• 7. Current Alternative Energy Synopsis to be
  given out this week

4
Review Multiple ChoiceExam Criteria

• I. Interdependence of Earths Systems (25) 25
  Questions
• A. Energy
• B. Cycle of Matter
• C. Solid Earth
• D. Atmosphere
• E. Biosphere
• II. Human Population Dynamics (10)
• 10 Questions.
• Demographic Transition Model in
  Textbook Birthrate, Death rate, Population.
  Know this model!!

5
Review Multiple Choice Exam Criteria

• III. Renewable Nonrenewable Resources (15) 15
  questions
• A. Water
• B. Minerals
• C. Soils
• D. Biology Biodiversity
• E. Energy
• F. Land

6
Review Multiple Choice Exam Criteria

• IV. Environmental Quality (20-25)
• 20 25 questions
• A. Air, Water Soil Pollution
• B. Solid Waste
• C. Human Health
• V. Global Change Their Consequences
• (15-20) 15 20 questions
• A. First Order Effects
• B. Higher Order Interactions
• VI. Environment Society (10) 10 questions
• A. Economic Forces.
• B. Cultural Aesthetic Considerations
• C. Environmental Ethics
• D. Environmental History, Laws, Regulations.
• E. Issues Options

7
Significance/Weight of Multiple Choice Questions

• Study in the following sequence
• 1. I (Interdependence of Earths Systems) 25
  questions
• 2. IV (Environmental Quality) 20-25 questions
• 3. V (Global Change Their Consequences) 15
  20 questions
• 4. II VI Population Dynamics, Environment
  Society 10 questions on each.

8

• 4 Questions/90 minutes Label all parts of the
  question a, b, c, d.
• 1. Document based question Read a short
  document and answer questions based on document.
• Apply your knowledge (Experimental design).
  i.e. Pesticides (Options Education)
  Mediterranean Fruit Flies, we releases sterile
  male fruit flies)
• Select four people that support or refute
  your position.
• 2. Analysis of the Data Section Math question
  and analyze it. i.e. BTUs (Show all your units
  every step of the way and show your work), Apply
  your knowledge
• 3. Synthesis Evaluation (2 questions)
• (1) How to design an experiment
• (2) 2001 Indoor Air Pollution Water Quality
• 4. There will be a math question. Look at all
  previous years of the exam for those math
  questions.
• There will be an experimental design
  question.
• 4 points for design and 6 points for
  rationale.

9
Key areas to study for AP Exam

• 1. Vocabulary 1 (Study vocabulary)
• 2. Read Case Studies (Know at least 1-2 for
  each category in Environmental Science)
• 3. Major Events Chernobyl, Exxon, BP Oil
  Spill, etc.
• 4. Endangered Species Know at least 3-4
  endangered species. Be specific. (Red Panda is
  not endangered vs. the Giant Panda is
  endangered), Asian Elephant African Elephants
  are endangered, all five species of rhinos are
  endangered
• 5. Protocols Significance Which ones did
  the United States sign at what was the key
  emphasis of each Kyoto-Climate Change, Egypt,
  Montreal cut emission of CFCs (ozone deplete)
• 6. Population Giants 1 China, 2 India, 3
  U.S.
• 7. Chinas economy is booming
• -Concrete Consumption (building dams)

10
Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health

• From the first time in the history of the world,
  every human being is now subjected to dangerous
  chemicals from the moment of conception until
  death.
• -Rachel Carson

11
What are the major types of hazards?

• 1. Cultural hazards such as unsafe working
  conditions, smoking, poor diet, drugs, drinking,
  driving, criminal assault, unsafe sex, and
  poverty.
• 2. Chemical hazards from harmful chemicals in
  the air, water, soil, and food.
• 3. Physical hazards such as noise, fire,
  tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic
  eruptions, floods, ionizing radiation.
• 4. Biological hazards from pathogens
  (bacteria, viruses, parasites), pollen and other
  allergens, and animals such as bees and poisonous
  snakes.

12
Terminology

• A. The study of the adverse effects of
  chemicals on health is called toxicology.
• B. Toxicity is a measure of how harmful a
  substance is.
• C. The amount of potentially harmful substance
  that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed
  through the skin is called the dose.
• D. The amount of the resulting type or the
  amount of damage to ones health is called the
  response.

13
Terminology Continued

• E. An acute exposure involves a single dose.
• F. A chronic exposure involves repeated exposures
  for some fraction of a life time.
• G. An acute effect is an immediate or rapid
  harmful reaction to an exposure it can range
  from dizziness to death.
• H. A chronic effect is a permanent or
  long-lasting consequence (kidney or liver damage,
  for example) of exposure to a harmful substance.

14
Two factors affecting dose and response are

• 1 Bioaccumulation Which is an increase in
  the concentration of a chemical in specific
  organs or tissues at a level higher than would
  normally be expected. (i.e. fat soluble toxins
  vs. water soluble)
• 2. Biomagnification The levels of some toxins
  in the environment can also magnify as they pass
  through food chains and webs.

15
PCBs

• Are highly toxic chemicals, banned years ago, but
  still found in some resources.
• Used as coolant fluids.

16
(No Transcript)
17
Example DDT (pesticide, banned in most
countries)

• Bioaccumulation Biomagnification
• A. DDT is a fat-soluble chemical that can
  bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of animals.
• B. In a food chain or food web the accumulated
  concentrations of DDT can be biologically
  magnified in the bodies of animals at each higher
  trophic level.
• C. Biomagnification Zooplankton, small fish eats
  zooplankton, large fish eats small fish, bird or
  human eats large fish.

18
What is a Poison?

• A. Legally, a poison is a chemical that has an
  LD50 of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of
  body weight.
• B. An LD50 is the median lethal dose, or the
  amount of a chemical received in one dose that
  kills exactly 50 of the animals (usually rats
  and mice) in a test population (usually 60 200
  animals) within a 14-day period.
• C. LD stands for lethal dose, and the subscript
  refers to the percentage of test organisms for
  which the dose was lethal.

19
How do scientists determine toxicity?

• 1. Case Reports least valuable (actual dose is
  not known)
• 2. Laboratory Investigations
• 3. Epidemiology Studies of populations of
  humans exposed to certain chemicals or diseases.
• -The study of patterns of disease or
  toxicity to find out why some people get sick and
  others do not.

20
Toxic Chemicals

• A. Toxic chemicals are generally defined as
  substances that are fatal to over 50 of test
  animals (LD50) at given concentrations.

21
Todays Agenda

• Thursday (February 23, 2012)
• Journal Question What does the term lethal dose
  refer to?
• 1. Lecture Toxicology Continued.
• (Slide 37)
• 2. Comprehensive Exam on March 5, 2012.
• (Study your book questions and all of your
  lecture notes.. That are on-line)

22
Hazardous Chemicals

• A. Hazardous chemicals cause harm by
• 1. Being flammable or explosive.
• 2. Irritating or damaging the skin or lungs
  (strong acidic or alkaline substances such as
  oven cleaners)
• 3. Interfering with or preventing oxygen uptake
  and distribution (asphyxiants such as carbon
  monoxide and hydrogen sulfide)
• 4. Inducing allergic reactions of the immune
  system (allergens)

23
What is a mutagen?

• A. Mutagens are agents, such as chemicals and
  radiation, that cause random mutations, or
  changes in the DNA molecules found in cells.
• Examples genetic diseases (Downs
  syndrome), Tumors.

24
Radiation
25
What is a teratogen?

• A. Teratogens are chemicals, radiation, viruses
  that cause birth defects while the human embryo
  is growing and developing pregnancy, especially
  during the first 3 months.
• B. Chemicals known to cause birth defects are
  thalidomide, steroid hormones, heavy metals such
  as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.

26
What is thalidomide?

• A. In the 1960s thalidomide was widely used as a
  nonprescription sleeping pill in Europe.
• B. Caused over 10,000 children to be born with
  birth defects ( seal-like limbs with a hand or
  foot but no arm or leg) before the drug was
  pulled of the market by the FDA.

27
What are Carcinogens?

• A. Carcinogens are chemicals, radiation, or
  viruses that cause or promote the growth of a
  malignant (cancerous) tumor, in which certain
  cells multiply uncontrollably.
• B. Many cancerous tumors spread by metastasis
  when malignant cells break off from tumors and
  travel in body fluids to other parts of the body.

28
Causes of Cancer

• A. According to the World Health Organization,
  environmental and lifestyle factors play a key
  role in causing or promoting up to 80 of all
  cancers.
• B. Major sources of carcinogens are cigarette
  smoke (30-40 of cancers), diet (20-30),
  occupational exposure (5-15) and environmental
  pollutants (1-10)

29
(No Transcript)
30
When do cancers appear?

• A. Typically, 10-40 years may elapse between the
  initial exposure to a carcinogen and the
  appearance of detectable symptoms.
• (The A, B, Cs.)

31
Why do we know so little about the harmful
effects of chemicals?

• 1. Under existing laws most chemicals are
  considered innocent until proven guilty.
• 2. There are not enough funds, personnel,
  facilities, and test animals to provide such
  information for than a small fraction of the many
  chemicals we encounter in our daily lives.

32
Physical Hazards

• 1. Earthquakes
• 2. Volcanic Eruptions
• 3. Ionizing Radiation

33
Biological Hazards

• A. What is the greatest risk to disease (viruses
  or bacteria)?
• Answer Poverty

34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
Biological Hazards

• The Worlds Eight Most Deadly Infectious
  Diseases
• 1. Acute Respiratory Infections (Bacteria,
  Viruses)
• 2. Diarrheal diseases (Bacteria, Virus,
  Parasites)
• 3. Tuberculosis (Bacteria)
• 4. Malaria (Parasitic Protozoa)
• 5. AIDS (Virus HIV)
• 6. Measles (Viruses)
• 7. Hepatitis B (Virus)
• 8. Tetanus (Bacteria)

37
Risks that people face in the United States that
shorten their average life span

• 1. Poverty (7-10 years)
• 2. Born male (7.5 years)
• 3. Smoking (6 years)
• 4. Obese (35) (6 years)
• 5. Unmarried (5 years)
• 6. Overweight (15) (2 years)
• 7. Spouse smoking (1 year)
• 8. Driving (7 months)

38
Groups of four

• Select group members and the chapter that you
  wish to present.
• Distribute sections in the chapter appropriately.
• 10 slides per person, 40 slides minimum per
  group. Be concise!
• Provide me with a typed outline of your chapter.
• PowerPoints need to be formatted on a CD or a
  memory stick.