Organic Compounds

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Organic Compounds
Organic molecules are a class of molecules which
contain CARBON. Organic molecules are composed of
C, H, O, N, P, and S. They are large molecules
known as MACROMOLECULES. The macromolecules are
composed of submits called MONOMERS. A POLYMER
is composed of many monomers.
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Each macromolecule has a carbon skeleton . This
hydrocarbon chain may be 1. Straight chain 2.
Branched 3. Ringed
The carbon skeleton has functional groups in the
structure. These are clusters of atoms that
behave in a particular manner regardless of how
the rest of the molecule looks. Examples COOH
is a carboxyl PO4 a phosphate OH is an
alcohol NH2 is an amino CO is a sugar
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4 CLASSES OF IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

• CARBOHYDRATE
• LIPIDS
• PROTEINS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS

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CARBOHYDRATES

• Monomer is monosaccharide
• Function is for energy storage or structural
• Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars
• They contain C, H and O in a 121 ratio and may
  be represented by the general formula CH2O
• They usually have 5 or 6 carbons Monomer is
  monosaccharide Monomer is monosaccharide

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Formation of complex CARBOHYDRATES

• POLYSACCHARIDES form by condensation reaction
• GLYCOGEN(animals) and STARCH(plants) are energy
  storing
• Cellulose is in plant cells
• Chitin is the major component in the exoskeleton
  of arthropods

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LIPIDS

• Monomer is the fatty acid
• Class includes fats, oils, and waxes
• DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
• Composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• Energy storing molecule (9 calories/gram)

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Types of fats

• Saturated fats - have only
• carbon-carbon single bonds with the maximum
  number of hydrogen atoms

• Unsaturated fats - have at least one
  carbon-carbon double bond and do not have the
  maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

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4 TYPES OF LIPIDS

• FATTY ACID - Long hydrocarbon chain with a
  carboxyl group on the end
• FATS AND OILS - lipids used to store energy (
  Formed from the combining of 3 fatty acids a
  glycerol)

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• Phospholipids- composes the cell membrane
• Steroids- differ from other lipids in structure
  but are classified as a lipid because they are
  insoluble in water
• examples cholesterol
• progesterone

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PROTEINS

• Important structural functions
• Proteins compose hair, muscles, nails,etc.
• Collagen is the most abundant protein in your
  body
• ENZYMES are special proteins which assist in
  chemical reactions

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COMPOSITION OF A PROTEIN

• Monomer is amino acid
• Each has an amino group (NH2)
• 20 different amino acids
• A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids (
  usually 100 - 300)
• A protein is composed of one or more polypeptides
• Insulin is the smallest protein (51)

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STRUCTURES OF PROTEIN

• . Primary - amino acid sequence
• . Secondary- alpha or beta
• . Tertiary-three dimensional
  shape
• . Quaternary- arrangement of the polypeptides
  chains

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Monomer is Nucleotide
• which is composed of a ribose sugar, a base and a
  phosphate group

Adenine guanine cytosine thymine
PO4
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• DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Carries the genetic code
• RNA - Ribonucleic Acid