Key Terms

1
Key Terms Fight for Democracy and Freedom

• Constitutional Charter of 1814
• Charles X
• July Ordinances
• Louis Philippe
• Second Republic
• Louis Napoleon
• Frederick William IV
• Reform Bill of 1832

• Alexander II
• Zemstvos
• Imperialism
• Crimean War
• Pan-Slavism
• Pogroms

2
The Revolutions of 1830

• Louis XVIII attempted to win favor with the
  French by maintaining many of the rights they had
  fought for during the Revolution.
• Launched the Constitutional Charter of 1814 ?
  granted freedom of the press and parliamentary
  representation

3
Charles X

• Upon the death of Louis XVIII, his brother
  Charles X would take over.
• Charles X believed in absolute monarchy and
  attempted to restore it.
• Restricted freedom of the press, demanded
  reparations to nobles for lost land.

4
The July Ordinances

• To consolidate his power, Charles X and his
  ministers launched the July Ordinances
• July Ordinances ? dismissed the legally elected
  lawmaking body, disenfranchised many French
  citizens.

5
Revolution of 1830

• French would revolt against Charles X.
• Would barricade the streets and fight the king's
  soldiers.
• Government collapsed in three days and Charles
  abdicated.
• Louis Philippe would become the new king

6
Louis Philippe

• Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, would be made
  the new king of France.
• He would construct a constitution that limited
  the king's power and gave the vote to more of the
  middle class.

7
Revolutions of 1848

• Poor economic standing and corruption led to
  another revolution in France.
• The lack of enfranchisement of most of the middle
  class served as the key reason to depose Louis
  Philippe.
• When riots broke out after a broken protest,
  Louis Philippe abdicated.

8
The Second Republic

• Upon the abdication of Louis Philippe, the Second
  Republic would take over control of France.
• The Second Republic set up a new constitution
  that involved an elected president and a
  legislature.
• Louis Napoleon would become the first president
  of France.

9
Louis Napoleon/Emperor Napoleon III

• Louis Napoleon would be president for a short
  time until he led a coup d'etat to establish
  himself as emperor of France.
• Emperor Napoleon III would establish the Second
  Empire.
• Would be known for his aggressive policies and
  establishment of overseas landholdings.

10
Revolutions Among the Empires

• Revolutionaries attempted to acquire more rights
  under a unified Germany.
• Sought to unify the Confederation of the Rhine.
• Frederick William IV ? ruler of Prussia who
  refused unification believed that if he were
  elected he would not have absolute power.

11
Austria and Italy

• Conservatives prevented the attempt by
  revolutionaries to establish republics in Austria
  and Italy.
• Rights were given to peasants as a means of
  preventing future revolution.

12
Changes in Britain

• Compromises in Britain prevented revolt and led
  to massive changes within the British government.
• The first was the Reform Bill of 1832, it lowered
  the property requirements for voting which
  doubled the amount of voters in Britain.
• Other reforms would lower the requirements even
  further, ensuring change without issue.
• The abolition of the slave trade occurred in 1833
  after it was deemed sinful.

13
Alexander II

• Alexander II ? czar in Russia who managed to free
  the serfs.
• Would allow for more tax paying citizens but
  would bring hardship to the newly freed.
• Villages had to pay the taxes of the serfs
  meaning they did not really own their land.

14
Other Reforms by Alexander II

• Created local government bodies known as the
  zemstvos.
• Elected bodies
• Managed education, health and welfare in their
  area
• Held little power due to most of the power lying
  within the wealthy landowners
• Created trial by jury in Russia, reducing the
  power of the czar.
• Alexander II would be assassinated by radicals
  who felt that his reforms were inadequate.

15
Russian Expansion

• Nationalistic feelings in Russia were embodied in
  their want to acquire territories they could
  control or to become imperialistic.
• Imperialism ? control by one country of another
  nation, directly or indirectly
• Russia would acquire territories near the
  Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia from the
  Muslims and Chinese respectively.

16
Crimean War

• Russia sought to acquire the straits of the
  Bosporus and Dardanelles near Constantinople.
• Claimed they wanted to protect Eastern Orthodox
  Christians within the Turkish Empire ? when this
  was refused, Russia would occupy the Crimean
  peninsula.

17
Crimean War (cont.)

• Britain and France did not want the Russians to
  acquire this important territory and sent troops
  to block the Russian acquisition.
• The lack of supplies, railroads, and
  reinforcements led to Russia losing the war and
  signing the Treaty of Paris in 1856.
• Russia would lose any territory it took form the
  Ottoman Empire.

18
Pan-Slavism

• Russians claimed via nationalism, that they had
  the right to protect any Slavic peoples from
  other nations and invading forces.
• Support of Slavic unity was known as Pan-Slavism.
• Russians used this as an imperialistic move since
  they felt they could control any Slavic
  territories since they were protecting them.
• Russia would acquire Bulgaria through this but
  would relinquish it through treaties with the
  other nations.

19
Discrimination

• Russians attempted to Russify those individuals
  within Slavic territories.
• They would ban the use of native languages and
  customs as a means of unifying the territories.
• They would also launch discriminatory laws
  against the Jews.
• Pogroms ? violent attacks against Jews
• Russia all but sanctioned the pogroms that
  occurred in their territories.