Population

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Population

• Geography
• NGHS APHG

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Population Geography

• Elements of Population Geography (focuses on
  spatial aspects of demography)
• Demography (study of population)
• Population Distribution
• Population Density
• Arithmetic Population Density
• Physiologic Density
• Rate of Natural Increase (the excess of births of
  deaths omitting migration)
• Growth Rate (Natural increase Net Migration)

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Population Terms

• Demography - the study of population
  characteristics
• Overpopulation- when the available resources
  cannot support the number of people
• Density - How many? The total number of
  people

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Demography

• The study of human populations, particularly the
  size, distribution, and characteristics of
  members of population groups.

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Distribution and Density
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Population Growth

• 0 AD 250 Million People
• 1803 AD 1 Billion People
• 1903 AD 1.6 Billion People
• 1950 AD 3.0 Billion People
• 1987 AD 5.0 Billion People
• 1998 AD 6.0 Billion People

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The World and the Top 10

• World 6,602,224,175 TODAY
• China 1,321,851,888
• India 1,129,866,154
• United States 301,139,947
• Indonesia 234,693,997
• Brazil 190,010,647
• Pakistan 164,741,924
• Bangladesh 150,448,339
• Russia 141,377,752
• Nigeria 138,898,084
• Japan 127,690,000

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Population Distribution Descriptions of
locations on the Earths surface where
individuals or groups (depending on the scale)
live.
Dot Map of World Population On this map, one
dot represents 100,000 people
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Cartogram
Countries are displayed by size of population
rather than land area. Countries named have at
least 50 million people.
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World Population Clusters

• Two-thirds of the worlds population are
  concentrated in four regions
• 1. East Asia (East China, Japan, S. Korea,
  Taiwan)
• - ¼ of world population here
• 2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
• - bound by the Himalayas and a desert in
  Pakistan
• 3. Europe
• - population is concentrated in cities
• 4. North America
• - megalopolis

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Ecumene

• The portion of the Earths surface occupied by
  permanent human settlement
• Increased over time
• ¾ of world population lives on only 5 of the
  Earths surface

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Population Distribution

• Densely populated regions
• Low lands
• Fertile soil
• Temperate climate
• Sparsely Populated Regions
• dry lands
• wet lands
• high lands
• cold lands

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Density

• Arithmetic Density
• Physiological Density
• Agricultural Density

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Arithmetic Density The total number of people
divided by the total land area.
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• Arithmetic Density The total number of people /
  area of land measured in km² or mi²

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Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is
the total number of people divided by the total
land area.
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• Physiological Density The number of people per
  unit of area of arable land, which is land
  suitable for agriculture.

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• Physiological Density The number of people per
  unit of area of arable land, which is land
  suitable for agriculture.

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Physiologic Population Density

• Arithmetic Density 192/ sq.mi.
• Physiological Density 6,682 /sq. mi.

Egypts arable lands are along the Nile River
Valley.
Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land
becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.
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Egypts population distribution is closely linked
to the proximity of water. In the north, the
population clusters along the Mediterranean and
in the interior, along the banks of the Nile
River. (2004)
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• Agricultural Density The number of farmers to
  the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

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Population Characteristics
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World Population Growth Birth rate (b) - death
rate (d) rate of natural increase (r)
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Population Characteristics

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
• Crude Death Rate (CDR)
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
• Doubling Time
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

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Population Characteristics

• Crude Birth Rate The total number of live
  births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in
  the society.
• Crude Birth Rate Births in a year
• 1000 people

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• Crude Birth Rate The total number of live
  births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in
  the society.

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Population Characteristics

• Crude Death Rate The total number of deaths in
  a year for every 1,000 people alive in the
  society.
• Crude Death Rate Deaths in a year
• 1000 people

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• Crude Death Rate The total number of deaths in
  a year for every 1,000 people alive in the
  society.

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Population Characteristics

• Natural Increase The percentage growth of a
  population in a year, computed as the crude birth
  rate minus the crude death rate.
• not including migration
• usually measured in percentages (out of 100)
• Rate of Natural Increase Natural Increase
• 
  Population

x 100
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• Natural Increase The percentage growth of a
• population in a year, computed as the crude
  birth
• rate minus the crude death rate.

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Natural Increase

• USA Population RNI
• 0.6
• Nepal's Population RNI
• 2.4
• What do these numbers imply?

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Population Characteristics

• Doubling Time The number of years needed to
  double a population, assuming a constant rate
  of natural increase.

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Population Characteristics

• Total Fertility Rate The average number of
  children a woman will have throughout her
  childbearing years.
• Infant Mortality Rate annual number of deaths of
  infants under age 1, compared to total live
  births
• IMR Infant(less than 1 year) deaths
• 1000 live births

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• Infant Mortality Rate - the number of deaths of
  children under the age of 1, per thousand of
  the general population.

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Population Characteristics

• Life Expectancy The average number of years an
  individual can be expected to live, given current
  social, economic, and medical conditions.

Life Expectancy at Birth in 2003 Men
Women US 74 80 Japan 78 85 Nepal 59
58 Kenya 46 46 France 76 83
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• Life Expectancy The average number of years an
  individual can be expected to live, given
  current social, economic, and medical
  conditions.

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A Population Bomb?

• Thomas Malthus (1766-1834, England)
• --Felt population growing
  exponentially and resources growing
  linearly
• --Believed people needed to
  practice
• moral restraint to lower CBR
  or
• disaster to increase CDR in
  order to
• solve population problem

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Neo-Malthusians

• Two recent issues that invigorate Malthus
  thought
• 1. many countries experiencing population growth
  due to transfer of medical technology
• 2. new population stripping world of resources
• Ehrlich (1960s)
• warned of a population bomb in 1970s and 1980s
  because the worlds population was outpacing food
  production.
• No bomb, no starving! Could there still be
  something learned from Ehhrlichs thoughts?

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Critics of Malthus

• Resources are not fixed possibilism and
  technology
• Lack o food have to do with distribution of
  wealth rather than insufficient food
• Population growth can stimulate economic growth
• More peoplemore consumers, more creativity

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Demographic Transition
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Demographic Transition - the change in
population characteristics of a country to
reflect medical technology or economic and social
development.
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Demographic Transition - Stage 1

• High Birth Rate
• Agricultural society
• High Death Rate
• Epidemics and plagues
• Famine
• War
• Low Natural Increase Rate
• Stationary population growth

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Demographic Transition - Stage 1

• Today, no country in the world is in Stage 1.

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Demographic Transition - Stage 2

• High Birth Rate
• Declining Death Rate
• Industrial Revolution
• agricultural improvements
• medical advancements
• High Natural Increase Rate
• High expanding population growth

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Demographic Transition - Stage 2

• Europe and North America entered Stage 2 in the
  1800s
• Africa, Asia and Latin America entered into Stage
  2 in the early to mid 1900s
• European colonization brought medical
  advancements
• Current Examples Afghanistan, Many Sub-Saharan
  African countries

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Demographic Transition - Stage 3

• Declining Birth Rate
• Urbanization
• Wealth
• Education
• Contraceptives
• Low Death Rate
• Low Natural Increase Rate
• Slow expanding population growth

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Demographic Transition - Stage 3

• Europe and North America entered Stage 3 in first
  half of 1900s
• Many countries in Latin America and Asia entered
  Stage 3 in the second half of the 1900s
• Current Examples Mexico, Panama, South Africa

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Demographic Transition - Stage 4

• Low Birth Rate
• Low TFR
• Women highly involved in education and workforce
• Low Death Rate
• Low to no Natural Increase Rate
• Stationary Population Growth
• This stage reflects a highly industrialized,
  educated society.

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Demographic Transition - Stage 4

• Current Examples
• Many European countries (Italy, France)
• United States
• Japan

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Stage 5?
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Demographic Transition Model

• Draw it!
• Stages 1-5 and growth
• CBR
• CDR
• NIR
• Total Population

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Population Pyramids
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Dependency Ratio

• The number of people who are too young or too old
  to work, compared to the number of people in
  their productive years

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Dependency Ratio

• 0-14 Dependents
• 15-64 Workers
• 64 Dependents
• DR Number of Dependents (0-15 and 65)
• Number of Working-age (16-64)

X 100
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• Population under the age of 15 - usually shown as
  a percentage of the total population of a country
  - dependency age is 0-15

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Sex Ratio

• Sex Ratio number of males per hundred females
• In general more males are born than females
• Males have higher death rates
• Examples
• Europe and North America 95100
• Rest of World 102100

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Sex Ratio Developing Countries

• Have large of young people where males
  generally outnumber females
• Lower of older people where females are
  typically more numerous
• High immigration more males

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Population Pyramids

• A countrys stage in Demographic Transition gives
  it a distinctive population structure
• Also called
• Age-Sex Pyramids

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Population Pyramid

• Population composition on graph
• Males left side of the vertical axis
• Females right side of the vertical axis
• Age order sequentially with youngest
• at the bottom and oldest at the top
• (usually by five-year cohorts)

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Rapid Growth

• A country in stage 2 of the Demographic
  Transition Model
• Large number of young people and a smaller older
  population

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Slow Growth

• A country in stage 4 of the Demographic
  Transition Model
• Large number of older people
• Smaller of young people

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No Growth

• End of stage 4, entering Stage 5
• Large number of older people
• Very small of young people

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Developing Relatively Developed
Developed (poor) (rich) What stage goes
with each pyramid?
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National Scale
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Population Control
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Epidemiological Transition Model

• Stage 1
• Epidemics Infectious and parasitic diseases,
  famine
• Ex Black Plague
• Stage 2
• Receding Pandemics
• Ex Cholera

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Epidemiological Transition Model

• Stage 3
• Degenerative and human-created disease
• Ex Cardiovascular disease and Cancer
• Stage 4
• Delayed degenerative diseases
• Ex Alzheimer's, Diabetes
• Stage 5?
• Reemerging infectious and
• parasitic disease
• Ex Malaria, TB, SARS, AIDS

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AIDS/HIV

• 2001world distribution
• 28 million in Sub-Saharan Africa
• 7 million in Asia (India, China, SE Asia)
• 2 million in Latin America (Caribbean-Haiti)
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• 70 of HIV cases
• Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia,
• South Africa
• Increase death rates
• Declining life expectancy

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Expansive Population Policies

• Communist Societies
• Soviet Union
• China Mao Zedong
• European countries NOW
• Tax incentives
• Sweden
• Cash payments, tax incentives, job leave, work
  hour flexibility lasting up to 8 years after
  birth
• Short baby boom, but led to issues

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Eugenic Population Policies

• Favoring one racial or cultural sector of the
  population over the others
• Tax discrimination, allocation of resources,
  favoritism
• Examples
• Nazi Germany
• Japan?
• USA?

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Restrictive Population Policies

• Reducing the rate of natural increase through a
  range of means
• China One-child policy Income bonuses, Better
  health care benefits, Better retirement pensions,
  Priority in housing

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Solutions to Population Growth

• Empowerment of Women
• for contraception education
• Changing cultural norms to value girls
• Diffusion of Birth Control Policies
• Educating men
• w/ responsibility
• for birth control
• Sterilization

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Solutions to Population Growth

• Addressing traditional religious values that may
  encourage gender preference and large families
• Redistribution of wealth - improve standard of
  living for poor so that children arent as
  necessary
• Improving farming techniques in poor areas
• Starvation, Malnourishment

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Solutions to Population Growth

• Medical technology
• costs of maintaining
• vulnerable populations
• (old young)
• Addressing government policies to deal with
  their growing populations

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Something to think about

• Is population control funded by MDCs ethical in
  LDCs?
• Population control v. culture
• Birth control?
• Sterilization?
• Abortion?
• Sex determination?
• Incentives Money, food, clothing?
• Is population control funded by MDCs needed to
  keep mass amounts of people in the LDCs out of
  poverty?