Title: Organic wastes: Quantities, composition, collection and present treatment
1Organic wastes Quantities, composition,
collection and present treatment
- Håkan Jönsson
- Professor
- Hakan.Jonsson_at_et.slu.se
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
2Waste terminology
- Waste (avfall) - items, materials and substances
which the owner discards of, intends to discard
of or is obliged to discard of according to
directive 91/156/EEG - Household waste (Hushållsavfall) Normal waste
from a household In Sweden latrine and sludge
from septic tanks are included (and so is source
separated urine) - Biowaste (compostable, lätt nedbrytbart avfall,
komposterbart) biologically degradable waste - Kitchen waste, food waste (Köksavfall, matavfall)
Biodegradable waste from kitchens, from food
preparation and left-overs. - Latrine (latrin) mixture of urine and faeces
- Bulky waste (grovavfall) household waste that
is to bulky to be collected in bags or bins
3Waste terminology 2
- Combustible waste (brännbart avfall) Waste which
can burn by itself waste with a certain energy
content. - Hazardous waste (farligt avfall) Waste
according to directive 91/689/EEG certain
properties and/or content
4Waste terminology 3
- Reusability (återanvändning) components
- Recyclability, recoverability (Ã¥tervinning och
materialåtervinning) material and substances - Recycling centre (återvinningscentral) Large
manned centre for recovering recyclable and
recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc. - Recycling station (Ã¥tervinningsstation) Small
unmanned station for recovering recyclable and
recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc.
5EU Waste hierarchy
- EU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008 and
new waste directive - 1. Prevent generation (Minimera uppkomst)
- 2. Reuse product/component (Återanvänd produkt)
-e.g. bottles - 3. Recycle materials (Ã…tervinn material) -
glas, plastics, compost, digestion residue) - 4. Other recovery - energy etc. (Annan
Ã¥tervinning, energi etc.) incinerate, digest
(förbränn, röta) - 5. Safe and environmentally safe disposal (Säkert
slutligt bortskaffande) landfilling of inert
waste (deponering av icke nedbrytbart avfall) - Member States shall take measures to encourage
the options that deliver the best overall
environmental outcome i.e. the hierarchy can be
diverged from.
6EU Waste Goals and Means
- EU coucil - parlament compromise 20/10/2008
- 2011 Eco-design policy focusing on durable,
reusable and recyclable products. - 2014 Setting waste prevention and decoupling
objectives for 2020. - Annual review of progress in the implementation
of waste prevention program.
7EU Waste Goals
- EU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008
- Reuse and recycling
- By 2015 separate collection at least of paper,
metal, plastic and glass. - By 2020 re-use and recycling of at least paper,
metal, plastic and glass from households minimum
overall 50 by weight. - By 2020 re-use, recycling and other material
recovery, including backfilling of non-hazardous
construction and demolition waste minimum 70 by
weight. - Bio-waste Member States must encourage the
separate collection of bio-waste with a view to
the composting and digestion of bio-waste. - End-of-waste Criteria should be considered at
least for paper, glass, metal, tires and
textiles. - Reclassification of hazardous waste as
non-hazardous waste may not be achieved by
diluting or mixing the waste with the aim of
lowering the initial concentrations of hazardous
substances.
8Separate collection of biowaste
9Waste Swedish goals
- 16 national environmental quality goals (wordings
under revision) - Objectives good health, environment and resource
efficiency - Limited effect on the climate
- Emissions of green house gases - Average for
2008-2012 should be 4 less than 1990. - Good built environment (God bebyggd miljö)
- Decreased waste
- Landfilling halved Should decrease by 50 1994
to 2005 - Waste generation should not increase
- 35 of food waste from households should be
treated biologically by 2010, and 100 of
suitable corresponding industrial waste - 60 of sewage phosphorus should be recycled to
productive land by 2015. - Non-toxic environment (Giftfri miljö)
- 2015 should the exposure of the population to Cd
be at a safe level - Ban from 2007 on Hg and persistent
bio-accumulating carcinogenic, mutagenic and
reproduction disruptive substances - Ban from 2010 on Cd and Pb and other persistent
bio-accumulating organic substances
10Waste Swedish means
- Waste must be sorted (illegal to incinerate or
landfill unsorted waste) - Illegal to landfill sorted combustible waste from
2002 - Illegal to landfill biowaste from 2005
- Landfill tax (2000 250 SEK/ton, 2005 370 SEK
SEK/ton, and since 2006 435 SEK/ton). - Tax on the fossil energy content going to waste
incineration (2006 71- 487 SEK/ton) depending on
how energy is utilized (was removed Oct 2010). - Producer responsibility for products newsprint,
office paper, packaging materials, electric
electronic, cars tyres)
11Biowaste - Sweden
- 35 of food waste from households should be
treated biologically (including home composting)
by 2010, and 100 of suitable corresponding
industrial waste - Estimated amount ? 350.000 ton, 39 kg/pers,yr
- Estimated additional cost 155 mill SEK/yr
- Reasons
- Save fossil resources recycle nutrients and
humus - Minimize landfilling
- Small scale less transports
- Encourages environmental conscience and thus a
non-toxic environment - Improves incinerator utilization
12Responsibilities
- Municipality responsible for all household
waste (including septic sludge, source separated
urine etc.) and similar waste from activities,
but excluding source separated producer
responsible waste - Producers for waste with product responsibility
(newsprint, office paper, packaging, electric
electronic, cars tires) but municipalities
are responsible for the historic electric waste
of the households - Enterprises and businesses responsible for
their own waste, except for the hazardous waste
in municipalities which have decided to enlarge
their responsibility to all hazardous waste in
the municipality
13Materials wastes 1998
Total 129 million ton/yr
14 Household waste, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 - 511 kg/person, yr
15 Landfilling, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 15.2 kg/person hh waste
16Landfill
17Treatment of household waste 2008
Material recycling 35 13 biotreatment48
18Material recovery
Type of material 2008 Requirement
Newsprint 89 75
Office print 68 50 (volontary)
Paper packaging, mtrl/tot 74 65
Metal packaging 67 70
Glas packaging 94 70
Plastic packaging , mtrl/tot 60/30 70/30
White goods, freezers etc. 95
Electric electronic 80
Metals from households 95
19Incineration, 1000 of ton/yr
248 kg/pers hh waste 2008
20GRAABS plant, Gothenburg
21Waste incineration 2008
- 29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6
Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste - Sizes gt 200 000/yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin,
Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), 100 000 - 200 000/yr 4
plants and lt100 000/yr 18 plants - Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29 of district
heating) 1.5 TWh electricity (1 of electricity
use) - Mass decreases by 75, volume by 90.
- Residues slag 20, fly ash 3-5 (hazardous
waste) - Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction
22Air emissions
Substance 1985 1996 2002 2005 2008 Reduction85-08
Particles,ton 420 33 35 39 30 93
HCl, ton 8400 412 143 98 39 100
SOx, ton 3400 1121 790 310 154 95
NOx, ton 3400 1463 1815 1904 2190 35
Hg, kg 3300 77 21 33 44 99
Cd, kg 400 8 15 (CdTl) 21 (CdTl) 6 (CdTl) gt98
Pb, kg 25 000 214 138 77 136 99
Dioxins, g 90 2 1.1 1.1 0,8 99
23Digestion, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41
Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste
New classification from 2004
24Anaerobic digestion
25Energy from biowaste anaerobic digestion
- 2008 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41
Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste - 50 plants 10 000-70 000/yr, 50 lt10 000
- In addition, approx 120 digestion plants for
sewage sludge - Biogas 55-70 CH4, 30-45 CO2, H2S, H2O, NH3
- Gas treatment needed depends on biogas use
- Heat no/minimal cleaning, removal of H2S good
- Electricityheat - H2S cleaning
- Mobile fuel (mainly buses) - CO2 and H2S cleaning
26 Composting, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 gt31 municipalities, 5 gt20.000 ton, 9
10-20.000 ton/yr
New classification from 2006
27Biologically treated household waste, 1000 of
ton/yr
Goal 2010 35 of food waste treated
biologically2008 approx 20 was treated
biologically, 133 of 290 municipalities collect
food waste separately
New classification from 2006
28Biodegma plant Goretex roof
29Quality Assurance System
- Compost plants 3 compost plants
- AD plants 8 plants
- 30 AD plants in voluntary agreement on minimizing
methane emissions
30Quality Assurance levels
Country Quality Standard of Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn
AT Biowaste Ordinance Class A 1 70 150 0,7 60 120 500
BE (Fland.) Agricultural Ministry 1,5 70 90 1 20 120 300
DK Agricultural Ministry 0,4 - 1000 0,8 30 120 4000
D Biowaste Ordinance Type II 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 400
IRE Draft 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 350
LUX Environmental Ministry 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 400
NL Second Class ?Compost? 1 50 60 0,3 20 100 200
ES (Cata.) Class A (draft) 2 100 100 1 60 150 400
SWE Quality assurance organisation 1 100 100 1 50 100 300
UK TCA Quality Label 1,5 100 200 1 50 150 400
Ref European Compost Network, http//www.compostn
etwork.info/index.php?id10
31Swedish waste economy
- Cost
- Municipality household waste management 2008
- Single houses, 26 collections/yr, approx 1980
SEK/hh, yr Apartments 1300 SEK/hh, yr. On
average 675 SEK/pers, yr - Producers miljöavgift
- Producer responsibility fees (2001) Single
houses 220-400 SEK/hh, yr - Treatment fees 2008
- Landfilling 700-1200 kr/ton
- Incineration 550-1100 kr/ton
- Biologal treatment 400-800 kr/ton
32Waste generation Western EU
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
33Waste generation central eastern Europe
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
34Household waste vs GDP 2005
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
35Waste generation in developing countries
36Waste composition developing countries
Zurbrügg. 2002. Urban Solid Waste Management in
Low Income Countries of Asia How to Cope with
the Garbage Crisis
37Packaging put on market
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
38Packaging recovered
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
39Municipal waste treatment EU
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
40Energy from waste Europe
Sweden recovers 2,5 MWh/ton Netherlands ?1,4
MWh/ton UK 0,6 MWh/ton
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
41Biogas and Landfill gas in EU
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
42Biogas and Landfill gas use in EU
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
43Plant nutrients, g/pers, yr
Ref Jönsson et al. 2005
44Anthropogenic nitrogen
Pollutant ca 50 SEK/kg Resource 5-10 SEK/kg
45Anthropogenic phosphorus
Pollutant 100s of SEK/kg Resurce app 15 SEK/kg
46Waste, manure etc.
47Nutrients kg/ton wet weight
48Values SEK/ton
N 8,50 SEK/kg P 11 SEK/kg K 5 SEK/kg S 0
SEK/kg
Prices 2005!
49Sewage sludge disposal
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia