Cells, tissues and organs

1
Cells, tissues and organs
All living organisms are made up of
cells. Large numbers of cells group together
to form tissue. Tissues can combine to form
organs.
2
Kidney function
The kidneys act as sieves. As blood passes
through they filter out Water Glucose Urea
(waste) Ions (salt) Blood cells and large
molecules, such as proteins, stay in the blood
(they are too big to be filtered). Then the
kidneys reabsorb what the body requires. The
rest of the filtered chemicals go to the bladder
to make up urine.
3
Kidney failure

• You have two kidneys, but you can manage with
  just one.
• But if both kidneys fail, urea (waste) rises and
  the body is poisoned.
• So if your kidneys fail, there are 2 options
• Option 1 Dialysis
• You are attached to a kidney machine via a tube
  from a vein.
• Your blood flows into the machine, is cleansed,
  and returns to your body.
• You are attached for about 5 hours, 3 times per
  week.
• Option 2 A kidney transplant
• You have an operation to remove your failed
  kidney and replace it with a working kidney from
  a donor.
• One or both kidneys may need to be transplanted

4
Dialysis or transplant?

• Kidney dialysis works quite well, but is a
  time-consuming burden.
• Apart from taking drugs to stop their body
  rejecting the new kidney, someone with a
  successful transplant can lead a completely
  normal life.
• A transplant costs about 42,000 for the
  operation plus 6,500 a year in drugs and
  check-ups.
• BUT
• Dialysis isnt cheap about 23,000 per year,
  for life.
• Watch the film about Andrew Samuel waiting for a
  transplant

5
Where do the donor kidneys come from?

• A living person can donate one kidney.
• To donate a kidney (or any organ) after death,
  you have to have died in hospital they have to
  be removed quickly.
• Most people die at home so there is a serious
  shortage of donor kidneys for transplant.
• There are around 7,000 people waiting for a
  kidney transplant.
• Around 2,000 kidney transplants are carried out
  annually and each year 2,000 more people go on
  the kidney transplant list

6
Organ transplants

• After death, the following organs can be donated
  for organ transplant
• kidneys heart liver
  lungs pancreas small bowel
• In life, some organs can be donated too
• kidneys, because we can manage with just one.
• part of the liver, because it can regenerate
  (grow back)
• part of the lung
• part of the small bowel (small intestine)
• For a successful organ match, the donor and
  transplant patient ideally should have
  compatible
• Blood group and Human Leukocyte Antigen type

7
Blood group
Group A Group B Group AB Group O
Can receive from Can receive from Group A and Group O Can receive from Group B and Group O Can receive from all groups Can only receive from Group O
Can donate to Can donate to Group A and Group AB Can donate to Group B and Group AB Can donate to Group AB Can donate to all groups
8
Matching donor organs to recipients Human
Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) tissue type

• A kidney donor needs to be a close HLA type match
  with the recipient.
• HLA type can make the difference between a
  patients body accepting or
• rejecting a donated organ.
• HLA type is defined by six principal pieces of
  protein HLA antigens.
• Each newly discovered HLA antigen has been
  numbered.
• Doctors aim for at least a four HLA match between
  a donor and patient.
• Which of these donors is the best match for
  someone in need of a
• kidney transplant, with HLA numbers 2 3 6 9 10
  13?
• Recipient 1 2 6 7 10 11 13
• Recipient 2 3 6 8 9 11 12
• Recipient 3 2 6 9 10 12 13