Figure 12-2 Page 225

1
Figure 12-2Page 225
Passenger pigeon
Dusky seaside sparrow
Great auk
Dodo
Aepyornis (Madagascar)
2
Figure 12-3aPage 226
White top pitcher plant
Kirtland's warbler
Grizzly bear (threatened)
Arabian oryx (Middle East)
African elephant (Africa)
Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)
Swallowtail butterfly
Humpback chub
Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)
Siberian tiger (Siberia)
3
Figure 12-3b Page 226
West Virginia spring salamander
Knowlton cactus
Whooping crane
Giant panda (China)
Blue whale
Swamp pink
Pine barrens tree frog (male)
Hawksbill sea turtle
El Segundo blue butterfly
Mountain gorilla (Africa)
4
Figure 12-3c Page 227
Florida manatee
Northern spotted owl (threatened)
Bannerman's turaco (Africa)
Gray wolf
Florida panther
Devil's hole pupfish
Black-footed ferret
Snow leopard (Central Asia)
Symphonia (Madagascar)
Utah prairie dog (threatened)
California condor
Black lace cactus
Oahu tree snail
Ghost bat (Australia)
Black rhinoceros (Africa)
5
Figure 12-4Page 228
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive rate (K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros
Specialized niche
Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite
Narrow distribution
Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish
Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear
Feeds at high trophic level
Fixed migratory patterns
Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles
Rare
Many island species, African violet, some orchids
Commercially valuable
Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare
plants and birds
Large territories
California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther
6
34 (51 of freshwater species)
Fish
24
Mammals
20
Reptiles
14
Plants
12
Birds
Figure 12-5Page 228
7
Habitat loss
Pollution
Overfishing
Habitat degradation and fragmentation
Commercial hunting and poaching
Climate change
Introducing nonnative species
Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants
Predator and pest control
Secondary Causes

• Population growth
• Rising resource use
• No environmental
• accounting
• Poverty

Basic Causes
Figure 12-6Page 231
8
Figure 12-7aPage 232
Range 100 years ago
Range today (about 2,300 left)
Indian Tiger
9
Figure 12-7bPage 232
Range in 1700
Range today (about 2,400 left)
Black Rhino
10
Figure 12-7cPage 232
Probable range 1600
Range today (300,000 left)
African Elephant
11
Figure 12-7dPage 232
Former range
Range today (34,00054,000 left)
Asian or Indian Elephant
12
Figure 12-8Page 233
Spragues pipit
Bichnells thrush
Blacked-capped vireo
Golden-cheeked warbler
Cerulean warbler
Florida scrub jay
California gnatcatcher
Kirtlands warbler
Henslows sparrow
Bachmans warbler
13
Animation
Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.
Click to view animation.
14
Figure 12-9aPage 235
Purple looselife
European starling
African honeybee (Killer bee)
Nutria
Salt cedar (Tamarisk)
Marine toad
Water hyacinth
Japanese beetle
Hydrilla
European wild boar (Feral pig)
Deliberately introduced Species
15
Figure 12-9b Page 235
Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant
Eurasian muffle
Brown tree snake
Common pigeon (Rock dove)
Formosan termite
Zebra mussel
Asian long-horned beetle
Asian tiger mosquito
Gypsy moth larvae
Accidentally introduced Species
16
Figure 12-10Page 236
17
Figure 12-11Page 236
18
Figure 12-12Page 238
Characteristics of Successful Invader Species
Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to
Invader Species

• High reproductive rate, short generation time
  (r-selected species)
• Pioneer species
• Long lived
• High dispersal rate
• Release growth- inhibiting chemicals into soil
• Generalists
• High genetic variability

• Similar climate to habitat of invader
• Absence of predators on invading species
• Early successional systems
• Low diversity of native species
• Absence of fire
• Disturbed by human activities

19
Figure 12-14Page 242
2
4
3
5
Top Six Hot Spots
6
1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern
Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern
California 6 Florida Panhandle
Concentration of rare species
1
Low
Moderate
High
20
Figure 12-15Page 246
North American-South American flyways
European-African flyways
Asian flyways
21
What Can You Do?
Protecting Species

• Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other
  materials made from endangered or threatened
  animal species.
• Do not buy wood and paper products produced by
  cutting remaining old-growth forests in the
  tropics.
• Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish,
  and other animals that are taken from the wild.
• Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that
  are taken from the wild.

Figure 12-16Page 249
22
Animation
Humans affect biodiversity interaction.
Click to view animation.
23
Animation
Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.
Click to view animation.