DEMAND REDUCTION IN JAMAICA

1
DEMAND REDUCTION IN JAMAICA

• A BRIEF CASE STUDY

2
CARL STONE SURVEY 1991.

• COCAINE CRACK COCAINE ABUSE
  
• MALE
  FEMALE
• 1989 1991
  1989 1991
• DRUG USE 3.02 2.75
  0.12 0.09
• Total (000 ) 21.4 19.2
  .84 .63
• Recommended That Demand Reduction programmes
  need to be intensified and expanded in the Urban
  and Tourism area where Drug dealers have
  apparently increased their aggressive marketing
  networks.

3
Integrated Demand Reduction

• This is a multi-faceted, multi-pronged strategy
  or series of strategies working in synergy to
  Reduce The Costs And Effects Of Drug Abuse By
  Reducing The Demand For Licit And Illicit Drugs

4
Integrated Demand Reduction

• Demand Reduction focuses primarily on Education
  and Awareness Programmes
• It also focuses on identifying prevailing risk
  factors that cause or lead to Drug Abuse
• Activities, plans and programmes are formulated
  to reduce these risk factors
• These Educational, Healthy Lifestyle, and
  Preventative Programmes are expected to result in
  a reduction in the demand for drugs.

5
Demand Reduction Measures-1

• Drug Education and Awareness Programme
• Individual Community Involvement
• Economic Alternatives
• Social Cultural Programmes
• Sports Programmes

6
Demand Reduction Measures-2

• Public Relations/Social Marketing
• Health Medical Measures
• (Health Promotion)
• Legal Reform
• Security
• Research Development
• International Cooperation

7
DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL MATRIX
INTER-MINISTERIAL COMMITTEE
NCDA COUNCIL MEMBERS
WORKING COMMITTEES
NCDA BOARD OF MANAGEMENT
INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES
DRUG ABUSE SECRETARIAT
THE COMMUNITY CODACS
PARISHES PARDACS
TREATMENT REHAB
8
ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN PREVENTION

• Identify the problems/weaknesses in the
  environment that will threaten the existing
  healthy lifestyle in their community.
• Devise action plans to address these these
  problems
• Identify all relevant resources that exist in
  that community
• Identify community leadership which will
  facilitate the change process

9
PARISH INITIATIVES PARISH DRUG AWARENESS
COMMITTEES(PARDACS)

• ROLE OF THE PARDACS
• EDUCATION AND SENSITIZING INTEREST GROUPS IN THE
  PARISH ABOUT THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG
  ABUSE
• ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUBLIC FORA, PANEL
  DISCUSIONS AND DEBATES AS A MEANS OF EDUCATING
  THE PUBLIC ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE
• SOME MEMBERS ARE TRAINED IN BASIC AND ADVANCED
  COUNSELLING AND ASSIST IN THE SOCIAL
  REINTEGRATION OF RECOVERING ADDICTS

10
(No Transcript)
11
1997 SURVEY ON PATTERNS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND
USE AMONG POST PRIMARY STUDENTS IN JAMAICA

• GRADES 9 TO 13 WERE SURVEYED, APPROXIMATELY 8,000
  QUESTIONNAIRES ADMINISTERED AMOUNG STUDENTS IN 63
  SCHOOLS (ALL-AGE,SECONDARY AND TECHNICAL)
• OVERALL RESULTS (COMPARISON BETWEEN 1987 AND
  1997)
• DRUG 1987
  1997
• ( OF SCHOOL
  POPULATION)
• CIGARETTES 29.I
  27.2
• ALCOHOL 76.3
  70.9
• MARIJUANA 19.8
  26.9
• INHALANTS 15.8
  15.8
• CRACK COCAINE 1.5
  1.9
• TRANQUILIZERS 3.8 5.5

12
THE E.U FUNDED NATIONAL PROJECT

• PROJECT OBJECTIVES
• REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF DRUG ABUSE AND OTHER
  UNHEALTHY BEHAVIOUR.
• REDUCE THE DEMAND FOR DRUGS
• PROMOTE HEALTHY LIFESTYLES
• REDUCE YOUTH DELINQUENCY.

13
OUTPUTS FROM E.U PROJECT

• A NATIONAL SURVEY ON THE LEVEL OF DRUG ABUSE
• FORMATION OF SIX NEW COMMUNITY DRUG AWARENESS
  COMMITTEES (CODACS)
• A TOTAL OF 180 PERSONS FROM THESE NEW CODACS
  TRAINED TO IMPART INFORMATION ON DRUG ABUSE AND
  PROMOTE HEALTHY LIFESTYLES.
• AN EVALUATION OF THE PREVENTION EDUCATION
  PROGRAMME IN SCHOOLS
• 450 TEACHERS, 40 TEACHER TRAINERS, 75 GUIDANCE
  COUNSELLORS, 28 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
  OFFICERS AND 60 EDUCATION OFFICERS TRAINED IN
  SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION AND 150 STUDENTS
  TRAINED AS PEER COUNSELLORS
• EDUCATIONAL AND SUPPORT MATERIALS PRODUCED FOR
  TRAINING

14
Risk Factors for Drug Abuse Youth(NIDA)

• Ineffective Parenting
• Chaotic Home Environment
• Lack of Mutual Attachments/ Nurturing
• Inappropriate behaviour in the classroom
• Failure in school performance
• Poor social coping skills
• Affiliation with deviant peers
• Perception of approval of drug using behaviours
  in the school, among peers and community
  environments.

15
FAMILY ISSUES

• Breakdown in the structure and patterns of
  families.
• Poor parenting skills.
• Diminished family life
• Teenage parents.

16
CHANGING FAMILY SYSTEMS

• Extended family disturbed.
• More persons living alone/ isolation.
• Shifting values.

17
PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES

• Feeling of alienation
• Feel inadequate, low self esteem, devalued sense
  of self and of life.
• Male marginalization.
• Distorted value system (supported by music,
  popular culture and attitude to minorities.)
• Lack of a father figure.
• Attitudes to authority/ police

18
PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES contd.

• High unemployment or unemployable
• Lack of citizenship.
• Lack of civic pride.
• Lack of hope.

19
DISORDERS AMONG YOUTH

• SUBSTANCE ABUSE
• DEPRESSION
• VIOLENCE
• IRRESPONSIBLE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
• .
• SUICIDE

20
NATIONAL DRUG USE 2002.
Excerpt from 2001 National Survey
21
ESTIMATES OF SUBSTANCE USE AND TREATMENT NEEDS

• 5.9 of population or 92,800 Jamaicans have
  alcohol related problems.
• 7.9 of population or 124,000 Jamaicans have
  drug related problems.
• 11.9 of population or 187,100 Jamaicans have
  either alcohol or drug related problems or both.
• 19 of pop. meet the criteria for depression.
  Rates of depression highest among persons
  dependent on alcohol or illicit substances.

22
ESTIMATES OF TREATMENT NEEDS ADOLESCENT
POPULATION( 18 TO 24 YRS )

• ALCOHOL
• 60.6 of population ever used
• 44.2 used in the month of survey.
• 2.6 of adolescents abuse alcohol
• 2. are dependent on alcohol
• Nb. 4.6 or 15,000 adolescents have alcohol
  related problems.

23
ESTIMATES OF TREATMENT NEEDS ADOLESCENT
POPULATION(18 TO 24 YEARS)

• Illicit Drugs
• 26.5 used Ganja
• 0.6 used Crack Cocaine
• 10.2 or 33,500 adolescents have drug related
  problems.
• n.b. 12.6 or 41,500 adolescents have both
  alcohol and drug related problems.

24
NCDA Prevention Programme

• Community/Interest Group Engagement
• Organizing for prevention programme/initiatives
• Planning for ongoing prevention efforts
• Training Development of a cadre of persons to
  manage ongoing drug prevention programmes
• Facilitates the ongoing work of the CODAC or
  interest group
• Networks with relevant agencies to support the
  work of the CODACS or interest groups

25
TYPES OF PREVENTION PROGRAMMES.

• NCDA Prevention Education Programmes
• PEP
• Squeaky
• READ READ
• Lignum Vitae
• Rosebud
• Drug Education Training Programmes
• Sports Initiatives
• Alternatives to Drug Abuse/Economic Programme
• PARDAC/CODAC

26
TYPES OF PREVENTION PROGRAMMES.
Rosebud Targets PTA's and presents a challenge to develop Drug Abuse Public Education projects. Youth/ Parents
Squeaky Designed to identify drug abuse influences on the group and to assess intention to use 5-14/Community
27
TYPES OF PREVENTION PROGRAMMES.
Lignum Vitae Uses a combination of sports and music to build a resiliency of character in adolescents to resist drug abuse. Community/ Students
READ READ Behaviour change initiative aimed to increase awareness of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS 6-8, 9-12 aged students
28
Types of Prevention Programmes.
PEP Educational curriculum to promote knowledge of the effects of drug abuse and peer resistance training School Based
Alternatives Economic initiatives to create income generating opportunities for community groups to sustain drug awareness programmes Community
29
Types of Prevention Programmes.
Drug Education Training Provision of universal education programmes focusing on the effects of substance abuse Community, Workplace, Professionals
CODAC/ PARDAC Community and parish groups to strengthen community based organizations awareness on substance abuse Community
30
O.I.D support to Jamaica

• Rapid Assessment Surveys (R.A.S)
• Treatment and Rehabilitation
• Sentinel Sites
• Low Literacy Youth in School (squeaky)
• Equipment
• Data Sharing

31
NCDA EPI-SIDUC Summary2001-2003

• Total of 1,242 clients seen in TR Centres
• Age of First Use (onset drug)
• Drug 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29
  30-34 35-40
• Alcohol 19 7 42 23
  37 75 204
• Marijuana 20 109 57
  61 63 82
• Tobacco 4 18 32
  62 59 235
• Total of 410 clients or 33 of total seen
  identified Tobacco as the onset drug as compared
  with 389 clients or 31 who identified alcohol
  and 392 clients or 32 Marijuana as the onset
  drug.

32
SQUEAKY PRETEST- KNOWLEDGE OF USERS
DRUG 5-7 8-10 11-13 14-16 17-19 TOTAL
GANJA 11 4 164 6.2 169 6.4 86 3.3 9 3 443 16.7
S/SPLIFF 3 1 26 1 6 2 5 2 42 1.6
COCAINE 1 0 20 8 8 3 4 2 34 1.3
CRACK 1 0 10 4 4 2 3 1 19 7
HEROIN 9 3 6 2 3 1 18 7
ECSTASY 2 1 31 1.2 48 1.8 26 1.0 1 0 108 4.1
ALCOHOL 32 1.2 568 21.5 587 22.2 153 5.8 8 3 1357 51.3
TOBACCO 98 3.7 130 4.9 45 1.7 3 1 278 10.5
33
Challenges

• Internal data maximization
• Epi-Sudic software upgrade
• Ongoing feedback from OID

34
The Way Forward

• Improved data sharing
• Upgrading software and hardware
• Integrating methodologies