The Resurgence of

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The Resurgence of Empire in the East
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The Sui Dynasty (589-618)

• Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty
  (220-589 Decentralized/Dark Age)
• Buddhist Emperor Wendi Sui
• Wendi Sui consolidates control of China,
  initiates Sui Dynasty
• Wendi won popular support by lowering taxes and
  establishing a cheap food supply.
• Brought back scholar-gentry and imperial exam

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Suis Fall

• Yangdi, Wendis son, succeeded his father to the
  Throne.
• Attempted to conquer Korea (failed)
• Defeated by central Asian Nomads (Turkic)
• Massive building projects
• Military labor -Grand Canal!!!
• Conscripted labor -Great Wall reconstruction
• (6 million workers!)

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The Grand Canal

• Intended to promote trade between north and south
  China
• Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
• Linked network of earlier canals
• 1240 miles
• Roads on either bank
• Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th
  century
• Longest canal or artificial river in the world
  today!

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The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)

• Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui
  dynasty
• Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
• Emperor assassinated in 618
• Tang Dynasty initiated

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• The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 CE

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Tang Taizong

• Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)
• Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to
  take throne
• Strong ruler
• Built capital at Changan
• Law and order
• Taxes, prices low
• More effective implementation of earlier Sui
  policies

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Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty

• Transportation and communications
• Extensive postal, courier services
• Became the golden age of literature in China
• Emperor Xuanzongs splendor in Changan
• Welcoming of foreign faiths (not conversion)
• Equal-field System
• 20 of land hereditary ownership
• 80 redistributed according to formula
• Family size, land fertility
• Worked well until 8th century
• Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries,
  aristocratic land accumulation

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Bureaucracy of Merit

• Imperial civil service examinations
• Confucian educational curriculum
• Some bribery, nepotism
• But most advance through merit
• Built loyalty to the dynasty
• System remains strong until early 20th century

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Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations

• Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
• One of the largest expansions of China in its
  history
• Paid Central Asian Nomads to defend boarder
  (repair G.Wall)
• Established tributary relationships
• Gifts
• China as Middle Kingdom
• The kowtow ritual

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Tang Decline

• Governmental neglect Emperor obsessed with
  music, favorite concubine
• Anti-Buddhist Backlash (by Conf. Daoists)
• Loss of tax revenues and inability to feed people
  in times of famine (Govt weakness)
• Nomadic Turkish Uighur (WEE-goor) mercenaries
  invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Changan
  and Luoyang as payment
• Nomadic raids and invasions continued
• Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th
  century, last emperor abdicates 907

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The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
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Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)Never matched Tang
military or political strength

• Emphasis on administration, industry, education,
  the arts
• Military not emphasized
• Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r.
  960-976 CE)
• Former military leader
• Made emperor by troops
• Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil
  servants, expanded meritocracy

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Song Strengths

• Population increase approached 100 mil.
• Rice production doubled due to opening new lands
  to cultivation in the south (Grand Canal)
• Improved tool use and fertilizers new rice
  strains from Vietnam
• Tax relief for farmers and credit to open new
  farms
• Early song Emperors appoint bureaucrats based on
  merit
• Excel at Manufacturing (gunpowder, bombs,
  moveable type print, water-power mills, iron,
  steel) more per capita manufacturing than anyone
  else!

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Song Weaknesses

• Lack of military might (Fight with other means)
• Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
• Two peasant rebellions in 12th c.
• Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
• Civil service leadership of military
• Lacked military training
• Unable to contain nomadic attacks
• Jurchen (a Tungusic people (Siberian) who
  inhabited the region of Manchuria) conquer,
  founding the Jin Empire, forcing Song dynasty to
  Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)

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The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
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Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song
Dynasties

• Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops
  per year
• Technology iron plows, use of draft animals
  (North - Oxen, South Water Buffaloes)
• Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
• Water wheels, canals
• Terrace farming

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Population Growth

• Result of increased agricultural production
• Effective food distribution system
• Transportation networks built under Tang and Song
  dynasties

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Strict Social Hierarchy
Gentry Wealthy landowners, focused on Confucian
ideals, focus on civil service
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Urbanization

• Changan (currently Xi'an) worlds most populous
  city 2 million residents
• Southern Song capital Hangzhou over 1 million

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Patriarchal Social Structures

• Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
• Elaborate grave rituals
• Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased
  ancestors
• Footbinding gains popularity
• Increased control by male family members

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Footbinding
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Technology and Industry

• Porcelain (Chinaware)
• Increase of iron production due to use of coke,
  not coal, in furnaces
• Agricultural tools, weaponry
• Gunpowder invented
• Earlier printing techniques refined
• Moveable type by mid-11th century
• Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block
  technique easier
• Naval technology
• compass

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Emergence of a Market Economy

• Letters of credit developed to deal with copper
  coin shortages
• Promissory notes, checks also used
• Development of independently produced paper money
• Not as stable, riots when not honored
• Government claims monopoly on money production in
  11th century

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China and the Hemispheric Economy

• Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
  cities
• Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases
  local demands for imported luxury goods

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Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

• Declining confidence in Confucianism after
  collapse of Han dynasty
• Increasing popularity of Buddhism
• Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam
  also appear
• Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

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Dunhuang

• Mahayana Buddhism especially popular at Dunhuang
  in western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 CE
• Cave temples
• Buddhist temples, libraries
• Economic success as converts donate land holdings
• Increase popularity through donations of
  agricultural produce to the poor

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Conflicts with Chinese Culture

• Buddhism
• Text-based (Buddhist teachings)
• Emphasis on Metaphysics
• Ascetic ideal
• Celibacy
• Isolation

• Confucianism
• Text-based (Confucian teachings)
• Daoism not text-based
• Emphasis on ethics, politics
• Family-centered
• Procreation
• Filial piety

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Chan (Zen) Buddhism

• Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
• Dharma translated as dao
• Nirvana translated as wuwei
• Accommodated family lifestyle
• one son in monastery for ten generations of
  salvation
• Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation
  instead

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Persecution of Buddhists

• Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late
  Tang dynasty
• 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist
  temples, expulsions
• Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
• Economic motive seizure of large monastic
  landholdings
• Limits growth but does not eradicate faiths

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Neo-Confucianism

• Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists,
  but favors Confucians
• Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
• Syncretic blend of both faiths

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China and Korea

• Silla Dynasty Tang armies withdraw, Korea
  recognizes Tang as emperor
• Technically a vassal statue, but highly
  independent
• Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

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China and Vietnam

• Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture,
  technology
• But ongoing resentment at political domination
• Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in
  10th century

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China and Early Japan

• Chinese armies never invade Japan
• Yet Chinese culture pervasive
• Imitation of Tang administration
• Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence Nara
  Japan (710-794 CE)
• Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
• Yet retention of Shinto religion

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Global Tectonic PlatesJapan -- On the Fire
Rimof the Pacific
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Terrace Rice Farming
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Yamato Period 300-710

• Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture
• Confucianism.
• Language (kanji characters).
• Buddhist sects.
• Chinese art architecture.
• Government structure.

Great Kings era
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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)

• Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)
• Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of
  Fujiwara clan
• Pattern in Japanese history weak emperor, power
  behind the throne
• Helps explain longevity of the institution

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Heian Period Cultural Borrowing

1. Chinese writing.
2. Chinese artistic styles.
3. Zen Buddhism
4. BUT, not the Chinese civil service system!

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Japanese Literature

• Influence of Chinese kanji characters
• Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
• The Tale of Genji
• One of rare Japanese language works of fiction
  written by a woman.

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Institution of the Shogun

• Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in
  12th century
• Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE
• Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to
  continue in Kyoto

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Medieval Japan

• Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573
  CE) periods
• Decentralized power in hands of warlords
• Military authority in hands of samurai
• Professional warriors

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Feudal Society
The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!
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Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty, the holding of land, and military
service. Japan
Shogun
Land
Loyalty
Daimyo
Daimyo
Land
Loyalty
Samurai
Samurai
Samurai
Food
Protection
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
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Code of Bushido

• Fidelity
• Politeness
• Virility
• Simplicity

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Seppuku Ritual Suicide
It is honorable to die in this way.
Kaishaku his seconds
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Full Samurai Attire
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Samurai Sword
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Medieval Warriors
vs.
European Knight
Samurai Warrior
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Medieval Warriors
vs.
Knights Armor
Samurai Armor
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Zen Buddhism

• A Japanese variation of theMahayana form of
  Buddhism, which came from India through China.
• It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and
  self-discipline.

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Osaka Castle
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Caernorfon Castle, Wales
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Shintoism
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Hyper-Nationalism
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Torii Gate, Miyajima Island
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Torii Gate in Winter
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A Tunnel of Torii GatesInari Mt., Kyoto
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Kabuki Theater
An interior of a Kabuki theater.
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Chanoyu Tea Ceremony
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Origami The Art of Japanese Paper Folding
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Calligraphy
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Haiku 17-syllable poem
Spring departs.Birds cryFishes' eyes are filled
with tears.
Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku
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Japanese Garden for Meditation
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Japanese Zen Garden
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Japanese Sand Garden