Digestive System Lecture 8

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Digestive SystemLecture 8

• MACC Biology 101
• Bill Palmer

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Digestive System-General Functions

• Secretion
• Water
• Acids
• Enzymes (proteins)
• Absorption
• Movement into capillaries
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste

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Oral Cavity

• Function
• Break food down by chewing and with enzymes in
  saliva
• Structures
• Hard and soft palates
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Produce almost half a gallon (1.5 L) of saliva
  each day

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Oral Cavity

• Examples of lip and gum cancer -
• Caused from smokeless tobacco

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Copenhagen

• Now, I went out last Sunday with my little
  Mary-AnnShe said please stay still Monday, and
  grabbed me by my canShe laid a big one on me,
  surprised me with her tongue,But her surprise
  was waitin' there, between my cheek and
  gum.ChorusCopenhagen, what a wad of
  flavor.Copenhagen, you can see it in my
  smile.Copenhagen, do yourself a favor.Chew
  Copenhagen, drive them pretty girls wild.So I
  went to the movies with my little Peggy-Sue,I
  had my dip there in my lip just like I always
  do.She didn't know that I was spittin' in my
  Coca-Cola cup,She took a great big swoller' and
  threw her popcorn up! Oh!ChorusThe moral of
  this story is so very sad but true.If you stay
  'till breakfast friend, they'll want to marry
  you.So try my little method and I promise you no
  doubtDip some Copenhagen if you want to snuff
  'em out.

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Oral Cavity

• Salivary glands
• Three Pairs
• Parotid
• Sublingual
• Maxillary
• Produce almost half a gallon (1.5 L) of saliva
  each day

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Teeth

• Permanent set consists of 32 teeth.
• Deciduous (baby) teeth are replaced starting at
  age five or six.
• Third molars (wisdom teeth) may not appear
  until age 21.

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incisors (for cutting)
cuspid (for tearing)
premolars (for crushing)
upper dental arch
molars (for crushing)
hard palate
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Pharynx and Esophagus

• Pharynx
• food, liquids, air
• swallowing
• Esophagus
• Muscular tube
• 0.8 in. diameter
• Epiglottis closes trachea

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Stomach

• Expands
• ½ gallon
• Functions
• Temporary storage
• Mixing
• Secretion
• Gastric juices
• Mucus
• Absorption

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Stomach

• Produces
• Chyme
• thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that
  is passed from the stomach to the duodenum
  (beginning of the small intestine)

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Small Intestine

• Facts
• 20 ft long
• 80 of absorption occurs here
• 3 regions
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Peristalsis-wavelike motion that moves material
  through small intestine

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3 regions of Small Intestine

• Duodenum
• Receives chyme from stomach and secretions from
  pancreas and liver (10 in.)
• Jejunum
• Region of most digestion and nutrient absorption
  (8 ft.)
• Ileum
• Absorption continues (12 ft.)

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Pancreas

• Exocrine (secretes externally)
• Digestive enzymes
• Endocrine (secrete internally)
• Insulin (necessary for the body to be able to use
  sugar)
• stimulates a decrease in blood sugar levels
• Glucagon
• stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels

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Diabetes-Two Types

• Type I
• Diagnosed in children and young adults
• body does not produce insulin
• Controlled by diet and insulin injections
• Type II
• Diagnosed in older adults
• body does not produce enough insulin or the cells
  ignore the insulin
• can be precipitated by obesity or severe stress
  or menopause or other factors
• can usually be controlled by diet without
  injections of insulin

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Diabetes-Emergency Treatments

• Insulin Shock
• Subject may become faint and may pass-out
• Occurs when diabetic takes insulin and then does
  not eat.
• Too much insulin in system
• Treatment
• Give Sugar, Fruit juice, Candy-Anything with
  sugar for insulin to act on

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Liver

• Largest Internal Organ
• Functions
• Aids in metabolism
• substances are broken down to yield energy for
  vital processes while other substances, necessary
  for life, are synthesized.
• Extracts nutrients
• Filters toxins
• Produces bile
• aids in the emulsification, digestion, and
  absorption of fats

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Gallbladder

• Muscular sac that stores bile

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Gall stones

• Bile becomes too concentrated and contains too
  much cholesterol, hardens into crystals

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Gall stones

• Symptoms
• steady pain in the upper abdomen that increases
  rapidly and lasts from 30 minutes to several
  hours
• pain in the back between the shoulder blades
• nausea or vomiting
• recurring intolerance of fatty foods
• Treatment
• Pulverized with high-energy sound waves
• Removal of gall bladder

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Large Intestine

• 5 feet long
• Holds and compacts undigested material
• Absorbs water and vitamins
• 3 regions
• Cecum
• Colon
• Rectum

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3 regions of Large Intestine

• Cecum
• large blind pouch forming the beginning of the
  large intestine. Also called blind gut
• Colon
• extending from the cecum to the rectum
• Ascending, Transverse, and Descending
• Rectum
• extending from the colon to the anal canal.

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Diseased Large Intestine
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Appendix

• Vestigial Organ-little or no use
• Left-over from plant eaters
• May gather bacteria and other stuff and become
  infected-appendicitis
• Can be removed without affecting the body

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The Heimlich Maneuver

• What do you think is the universal sign for
  choking is?

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The Heimlich Maneuver

• The sign for choking
• is one hand grabbing the
• the throat and the other
• hand on top.

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The Heimlich Maneuver

• 4 major steps
• 1.Check- check area
• 2.Check- check person
• 3.Call- get someone to call for help or yell help
• 4.Care- take care of person

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• Heimlich maneuver has two parts
• Back blows
• Lean person forward
• Using bottom of your hand give 5 back blows aimed
  between shoulder blades
• Abdomen thrusts
• Get behind person
• Find belly button and go up 1inch
• Make fist and cover with other hand
• thrust up 5 times

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Wrap-up

• 1. What are 3 parts of digestion system?
• 2. What is the function and location of oral
  cavity, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
  intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large
  intestine?
• 3. What are the 3 regions of small intestine and
  their function?
• 4. What are gall stones? Symptoms? Treatments?
• 5. What are the 3 regions of large intestine and
  their function?
• 6. What are the two types of diabetes? When do
  they arise? In who? Why? Control?